Jasa Hukum

Teliti Kembali Kontrak Asuransi Anda

2009-11-30T11:14:00.000+07:00

Jakarta - Indonesia adalah merupakan negara yang terletak pada bagian yang menjadi pusat gempa dunia, fakta yang ada gempa sering terjadi dan mungkin dapat terjadi lagi, gempa terakhir (semoga benar adanya) ketika hari Jumat yang lalu gedung di Jakarta terasa bergoyang disebabkan karena gempa yang berkekuatan 6,4 skala richter, sebelumnya juga ada gempa di Padang, di Tasikmalaya dll.

Lalu permasalahannya adalah bagaimana kita sebagai manusia dewasa mampu untuk melakukan manajemen resiko khususnya melakukan antisipasi kepada keluarga yang kita cintai atas kemungkinan terburuk saat kita meninggal akibat terjadinya gempa atau bencana alam lainya? Dapatkah orang yang kita kasihi mampu bertahan dengan kondisi keuangan yang cukup? Sementara sumber penghasilan berhenti akibat bencana yang merenggut nyawa.

Pembaca yang bijak sebagian cara dalam melakukan manajemen resiko adalah melakukan transfer resiko kepada perusahaan asuransi, dalam hal kematian tentu kita dapat melakukan transfer resiko kepada perusahaan asuransi jiwa. Namun alangkah baiknya bagi mereka yang telah memiliki asuransi jiwa dimohon untuk meneliti kembali polis asuransi jiwa yang dimilikinya, serta bagi yang belum memiliki asuransi jiwa penjelasan dibawah ini mungkin dapat membantu anda untuk dapat memilih produk asuransi yang paling tepat.

Sebuah kontrak asuransi jiwa adalah kontrak antara penanggung (perusahaan asuransi) dengan tertanggung (nasabah), namun dalam kontrak khususnya asuransi jiwa dikenal dengan istilah Kontrak Adhesi yakni sebuah kontrak yang dibuat oleh satu pihak dan ditawarkan atas pilihan take it or leave it sehingga pihak yang lain (nasabah) hanya diberi ruang yang sangat kecil untuk melakukan tawar menawar atas manfaat yang ada dalam kontrak tersebut. Berkenaan dengan masalah kontrak tersebut maka sudah selayaknya nasabah meneliti kembali isi kontrak asuransi yang tertera dalam sebuah polis dengan tujuan agar orang yang kita cintai dapat menerima manfaat sesuai dengan nilai yang tertera pada polis asuransi tersebut.

Pembaca, ada beberapa klausul yang memerlukan 'perhatian khusus' dari pemegang polis hal ini disebabkan karena dapat menimbulkan hal yang bersifat ambigu (dapat ditafsirkan menjadi beberapa arti) dan lebih jauh lagi kami menyebutnya sebagai 'grey area' atau area yang tidak jelas dari sudut pandang nasabah. Berikiut adalah sebagian kecil dari contoh klausul yang tertera dalam kontrak polis asuransi jiwa:

1.Pengecualian

Dalam polis asuransi jiwa tertera pasal yang menyatakan ’Pengecualian’ alangkah baiknya kita teliti kembali pasal tersebut, banyak perusahaan asuransi menyatakan bahwa bencana alam merupakan salah satu alasan untuk tidak membayar manfaat bagi tertanggung.

Ini berarti jika tertanggung meninggal dunia karena menjadi korban gempa (seperti kasus gempa di Padang yang baru lalu) maka sesuai dengan kontrak asuransi dapat dipastikan keluarga yang ditinggalkan tidak akan menerima manfaat yang berupa uang pertanggungan.

Memang dalam kontrak tersebut dinyatakan "Bencana alam yang dinyatakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia", sejujurnya arti kalimat ini sangat tidak jelas, ini merupakan 'grey area' atau dapat disebut area yang dapat diartikan dengan 'ya' atau 'tidak', hal ini tergantung kondisi, jadi sebagai tertanggung atau pemegang polis berhak untuk menanyakan hal ini kepada penanggung (perusahaan asuransi). Saran kami alangkah baiknya jika hendak memilih perusahaan asuransi jiwa silahkan pilih perusahaan yang tidak mencantumkan klausul bencana alam tersebut.

2.Pembebasan Pembayaran Premi

Dalam hal jenis manfaat yang akan diterima ada beberapa manfaat tambahan berupa pembebasan pembayaran premi jika ternyata pemegang polis, pembayar dan atau 'tertanggung' tidak dapat memiliki penghasilan baik disebabkan karena sakit maupun karena mengalami kecelakaan.

Namun biasanya manfaat ini baru dapat dilakukan jika telah dapat dibuktikan secara terus menerus sekurangya dalam waktu 3 bulan (90 hari) dan bahkan ada perusahaan asuransi jiwa yang mensyaratkan pembuktian sekurang kurangnya selama 6 bulan (180 hari).

Menurut kami ini juga merupaka 'grey area' karena selama periode persyaratan pembuktian minimal 3 atau 6 bulan mewajibkan pemegang polis (pembayar) untuk membayar sejumlah premi tertentu selama kurun waktu minimal tersebut, jika ini dilaksanakan maka perusahaan asuransi menyatakan pemegang polis (pembayar) dinyatakan terbukti berpenghasilan maka manfaat Pembebasan Premi secara otomatis tidak dapat berfungsi, sedang jika pemegang polis (pembayar)tidak membayar premi maka secara otomatis polis akan tidak berlaku.

Dari kedua contoh diatas semoga dapat menjelaskan sebagian dari isi kontrak yang bersifat ambigu, karena itu sebagai pihak nasabah sudah sewajarnya untuk melakukan review atas isi kontrak polis asuransi jiwa. Hal ini tentu bertujuan agar anggota keluarga yang kita cintai dapat menerima manfaat sesuai dengan yang tertera di dalam polis, jangan sampai karena kecerobohan kita manfaat tersebut tidak dapat diterima oleh keluarga.

Pembaca yang budiman, asuransi jiwa adalah suatu keharusan agar resiko kerugian finansial dapat dieliminasi namun membaca dan mengerti isi kontrak adalah suatu kebutuhan dasar. Demikian semoga bermanfaat, selamat memilih dan meneliti kembali asuransi jiwa anda.

Taufik Gumulya CFP ®, Perencana Keuangan pada TGRM Financial Planning Services (qom/qom)

The Anatomy of Law Firm Failures

2009-06-10T21:41:00.000+07:00

The recent failures of Heller Ehrman and Thelen Reid & Priest – coming, as they did, at a
time of serious economic downturn for the country and the legal market – have led a
number of our clients to ask us about the root causes of law firm failure and whether it is
possible to identify early warning signs of firms in distress. In fact, we believe that it is
possible to point to certain commonalities in the law firm dissolutions that we have
observed over the past several years.

At the outset, we should note that, while the current economic downturn may have
exacerbated the distress of Heller, Thelen, and other troubled firms, it would be inaccurate
to conclude that the downturn actually caused their problems. It is important to remember
that Heller and Thelen are only the latest in a series of high profile law firm failures that
stretches back at least two decades. The list includes (to name but a few):
• Altheimer & Gray
• Arter & Hadden
• Bogle & Gates
• Brobeck Phleger & Harrison
• Butler & Binion
• Coudert Brothers
• Donovan Leisure Newtown & Irvine
• Hill & Barlow
• Jenkins & Gilchrist
• Johnson & Wortley
• Keck, Mahin & Cate
• Lyon & Lyon
• Pennie & Edmonds
• Shea & Gould
• Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault
• Troop Steuber Pasich

To a significant extent, law firm dissolutions – as well as the continuing large number of law
firm mergers – are the products of a rapidly consolidating and segmenting market place.
As competition within the legal market becomes more intense, as clients become more
demanding and discriminating in their choice of firms, and as firms become more
aggressive in positioning themselves in their selected markets, it is inevitable that there will
be winners and losers. As weaker firms become less competitive, their partners will
invariably look to relocate their practices to firms that are better positioned for success in
their relevant markets. Recognizing that the legal market is continuing to segment, we
expect that we will continue to see a steady number of both mergers and dissolutions, even
after the recovery from the current economic downturn.

Four years ago, Hildebrandt conducted a study of 80 law firm failures occurring in the
United States from 1998 to 2004, in an effort to identify the fundamental causes of the
dissolutions. Looking back on that study – and extending it forward to the firms that have
dissolved since 2004 – we believe that the conclusions we reached in our earlier study
remain valid and offer helpful guidance for today’s law firm leaders.

In our experience, failed firms typically exhibit one or more major fundamental flaws, and
the flaws usually fall into three primary categories:
• Below average financial performance – often including excessive financial
leverage, significant deferred obligations, low productivity, and poor realization;
• Internal dynamics – primarily involving leadership issues, partners with
incompatible goals, differences over compensation philosophy, and lack of
succession planning; and
• External dynamics – primarily involving competitive pressures related to the firm’s
historical client base, access to new clients and desirable work, and inability to
recruit key talent.
All of these issues, of course, can be viewed as involving some sort of strategic failing.
And, in fact, in troubled firms there is rarely a well-articulated and implemented strategy.

It is also often the case that a failed firm may exhibit multiple flaws, and this too is really not
surprising. A leaderless firm, for example, that is faced with significant competitive
pressures will often produce poor economic performance. In many failed firms that we
have reviewed, the fundamental flaws were well recognized long before the firm voted to
dissolve, but the partners chose not to act on the flaws until it was too late to fix them.

Typically, the underlying problems created by the fundamental flaws in the firms we studied
were brought to a head by a triggering event that set in motion a rapid downward slide.
Four types of triggering events were the most common: (i) overexpansion that weakened
the firm over an extended period of time, (ii) the unexpected rapid or gradual defection of
significant partners to one or more other firms, (iii) a breakdown in merger efforts for a firm
that was already in serious financial distress and barely surviving, or (iv) the impending
expiration/renewal of the firm’s primary office lease. In many cases, there were multiple
triggering events – for example, a breakdown in merger discussions followed by the rapid
exodus of key partners. While the seeds of collapse are generally sown long in advance of
the actual dissolution of a law firm, the downward slide following one or more triggering
events can be very rapid – usually a matter of weeks not months.

With these considerations in mind, and recognizing that circumstances will differ from firm
to firm, it is possible to identify a number of factors that should be warning signs to law firm
leaders. These factors are described below, using the three broad categories identified in
our previous dissolution study.

How to Set Your Billing Rates for Legal Services

2009-05-10T14:22:00.002+07:00

Today's market and the increased client sophistication when selecting legal services, are making it necessary to carefully evaluate billing practices. Whether you prefer task based billing, value billing, hourly billing or other alternative billing methods, it is crucial to know what the cost of each billable hour is.

Only after you have determined the cost of each billable hour, will you be able to structure your fee arrangements. The calculations show you where the break-even point is, as well as what your profit margin is.

Following is a sample calculation based on a solo practitioner with a monthly salary of $5000 and a secretary at $2000 per month. The office rent is estimated at $2500, a part-time runner/clerk at $500 and taxes, insurance, supplies, etc. at a total of $2600 per month.

Formula for Solo Practitioners (May be Adjusted for Groups)

Example:

    Total monthly expenses:          $12,600.00

   less attorney's salary:          $ 5,000.00
                                   ___________

   Overhead costs:                   $7,600.00

   divided by billable hours:        160 hours

   Overhead cost per billable hour      $47.50

   plus attorney's rate (5000:160)      $31.25
                __________

Total cost per billable hour:            $78.75
                                    ==========

Conclusion

This calculation results in a cost of $78.75 per billable hour. If you billed your time at $78.75 and your fixed and variable expenses were the same as in the above example, you would be at break-even. Any billing above $78.75 would result in profit.

The danger in this analysis is that it makes no allowance for billing adjustments, such as write downs or write offs. Furthermore, it requires 37 hours to be billed each week.

Therefore, while it is absolutely necessary to know the cost of each billable hour, you must take the collectibility variables into consideration when setting your fee.

In the interest of good client relations, it is well advised to communicate your billing practices with the client before entering into an engagement. This will not only promote good client relations, but it will also increase the collectibility of your accounts receivable.

How to Implement Law Office Marketing Strategies

2009-04-12T01:17:00.000+07:00

Law Office Marketing Plan

The purpose of a law office marketing plan is to help identify and cultivate your client base by implementing strategies to rouse interest in your services. This checklist is designed with the intent to assist attorneys in the objective of implementing and recording the progress of marketing their practice. All of the strategies should be evaluated with the goal of getting word out about you and your service to current and potential clients. To what extent any of the following can help you achieve your marketing efforts will vary according to practice area and individual application of strategies listed. Start by reviewing your current marketing plan and adjust your overall business plan accordingly. Make certain your marketing efforts do not conflict with current advertising rules or rules of Professional Conduct.

Strategies

Complete the following sentences then highlight the strategies below that meet your goals. As you accomplish each goal every month, write down the date in the column to the right. Periodically review and adjust your goals to meet changes in your practice.

To date my marketing plan involves…

My goals from this point forward are…

In order to achieve my goals I will…

Strategies and accomplish dates (by end of month)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Identify a cross-selling opportunity with existing client (e.g.: family law practice: finalize divorce / create new will)

Identify and pursue a potential source of new business

Identify and foster a referral source each month

Refer non-engaged clients to at least 3 new attorney contacts

Identify and resolve any negative challenges of marketing efforts

Prepare information to include in firm newsletter or finalize mailing to clients quarterly

Insure written contact established at least once with every active client (other than billing statement)

Participate in a selected civic organization or meeting

Participate in local bar association

Participate in a selected national organization

Spend one hour drafting article for publication

Schedule or present a speech on area of expertise

Volunteer time for selected pro bono work

Track business development each month

Spend one-half hour to evaluate effectiveness of development efforts

Revise personal marketing plan

Review business plan

Review personal goals

Follow up on one above strategy not accomplished month before

Picking the right solution for conflicts at work

2009-03-05T02:29:00.000+07:00

Interest in using mediation to resolve conflict at work continues to grow as HR professionals and business managers face the challenges of keeping staff motivated (if not happy) as well as satisfying shareholders desire for profits or growth.

Human Law Mediation is encouraged to see such interest but also concerned. Concerned that for those inexperienced in mediation mistakes could be made unless some of the finer details of mediation are understood.

I’ve written before (Mediation, not for the uninitiated) about the different skill sets required by mediators and lawyers when handling disputes and conflict but here I want to focus on two distinct forms of mediation – with some pointers on in what circumstances each should be used.

Mediation Before It Goes Legal

This form of mediation is used before the lawyers have got involved in the dispute and typically when there is still a prospect of the dispute being resolved and the working relationship continuing.

In this instance the role of the mediator crosses over with coaching and is seeking to get the disputing parties together so that the working relationship can be renewed. Essentially the mediator is steering things so that the working relationship does not completely break down and there is no need to instruct lawyers.

The role of the human resources officer is detached. They should not take sides.

The role of the mediator is quite subtle but potentially very creative, as the list of solutions on the table is massive.

The appeal for the organisation is that generally most solutions are non monetary which can result in significant savings on both legal fees and the costs of a pay out.

It also enables solutions to appear which can have a greater long term impact on the organisation and can lead to real changes in the working culture if the recommendations of the mediator are followed.

The benefit for the employee is that a solution can be found without them being forced to go through the stress of the grievance process and then ultimately to Employment Tribunal.

Jobs can be saved.

In my experience pre-legal mediation tends to present more long term solutions for an organisation than post-legal, with the mediator becoming a facilitator of long term change.

Although a more potentially appealing option than post-legal mediation it is used less often than you would expect.

Consider these questions to decide whether your dispute or workplace conflict could be handled in this way:

Is there any prospect that the working relationship can be saved?
Do you want both the disputing employees to stay?
Is there a financial reason to keep both the disputing employees working?
Are the employees willing to try a proven method of successfully resolving disputes?
Do wish you to avoid the prospect of expensive legal fees and having to search for a replacement?

Post-legal Mediation

This form of mediation is typically used when the relationship really does appear broken and the lawyers have got involved and maybe Employment Tribunal proceedings have been commenced.

From the mediator’s point of view the role is focused more often than not on deal making and agreeing financial settlements but also on the other potential solutions involved.

The role of the Human Resources professional is more biased and focused on reaching a solution for their organisation.

The key difference is that it is unlikely the parties will work together again and the role of the mediator is focused on negotiation and searching for solutions which enable the parties to walk away without incurring more legal fees and stress.

With the growth in the use of Judicial Mediation and mediation bound to increase mediation skills will rise in importance. Mediation is being promoted within Employment Tribunals and there is greater awareness of mediation particularly amongst human resource professionals.

You will not have the disputing parties being friends at the end as such but you do have the opportunity for both parties to avoid a lengthy process and maybe get an understanding of why the problems started and lessons to be learnt.

You will need to use post-legal mediation in the following circumstances:

Any employment dispute where there is a genuine willingness to settle and the costs in dispute are high enough to justify it.

Complex cases with at least two days projected for Tribunal hearing
Disputes where legal issues are not fundamentally in dispute
Cases where parties are afraid of going to Court and fear cross examination

Mediation on the rise in personal injury cases - But will the lawyers help?

2009-03-05T02:22:00.000+07:00

A brief mention of mediation in the Law Society Gazette.

"Personal injury mediation will gain in popularity as a result of the credit crunch, according to a leading provider.

Maurice Nichols, mediator and consultant to the Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution’s personal injury unit (PIU), said: ‘There are always two important drivers to personal injury litigation – the claimant wants to see an end to his case and get his compensation as quickly as possible – and solicitors’ cash flow as they are running a business.’ Today's economic climate ‘accentuates focus on both’, he said."

My view is that all this is correct and desirable but may be idealistic and may not actually reflect what happens on the ground.

At my firm, and our training we consider these are barriers to adoption of mediation within Personal Injury cases:

1 Application by judges of the Civil Procedure Rules. Essentially the judiciary is being too weak in pushing mediation with parties which they should be pushing with parties.

2 Resistance by parties for going to mediation. This stems from too much ignorance of mediation.

3 Resistance by lawyers to adoption of mediation.

Rules Of Arbitral Procedure Of The Indonesia National Board Of Arbitration

2009-02-23T06:38:00.000+07:00

CHAPTER I

Scope"

Article 1. Arbitration Agreement

If the parties to a commercial agreement or transaction have agreed in writing that disputes in relation to that agreement or transaction shall be referred to arbitration before the Indonesian National Board of Arbitration (“BANI”), or under the Rules of BANI, then such dispute shall be settled under the administration of BANI in accordance with these Rules, subject to such modifications as the parties may agree in writing, so long as such modifications do not contradict mandatory provisions of law nor the policies of BANI. Amicable resolution of dispute through arbitration at BANI shall be based on goodwill of the parties based on cooperative and non-confrontational procedures.

Article 2. Prevailing Procedure

These Procedural Rules shall apply to arbitrations conducted by BANI. By designating BANI and/or choosing the BANI Procedural Rules for resolution of a dispute, the parties to the agreement or dispute shall be deemed to have agreed to waive the process of case examination through the District Court in connection with the agreement or dispute, and to execute any award made by the Arbitration Tribunal based on the BANI Procedural Rules.

CHAPTER II
General Stipulations

Article 3. Definitions

Unless specifically stipulated otherwise, the terms below shall have the following definitions when referred to herein:

a. “BANI Arbitration Tribunal” or “Tribunal”, in capital letters or small letters, shall be the Tribunal formed according to the BANI Procedure and comprising one or three or more arbitrators;

b. “Award”, in capital letters or small letters, shall be any award rendered by the Tribunal either interim or final;

c. “BANI” shall be the Indonesian National Arbitration Board;

d. “Board” shall be the governing board of BANI;

e. “Chairman” shall be the Chairman of the Board of BANI, unless and if it is clearly stated that what is meant is the Chairman of the Arbitration Tribunal. The BANI Chairman may appoint a Vice Chairman or other Member of the Board to perform the duties of the Chairman, as set forth in these Rules, for one or more specific arbitral references, in which case reference to the Chairman in these Rules will mean that the Vice Chairman or other member of the Board designated;

f. “Claimant” shall mean and refer to one or more claimants, or parties bringing the arbitral reference;

g. “Law” shall mean and refer to Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 30 of 1999 regarding Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution;

h. “Respondent” shall mean and shall refer to one or more Respondents or the parties to whom the petition for arbitration is addressed or against whom the arbitral reference is brought.

i. “Parties” shall mean the Claimant and the Respondent;

j. “Procedural Rules” or “Rules” shall mean and refer to the stipulations of these BANI Procedural Rules prevailing at the time of commencement of the arbitration, with due regard to the certain agreements that may have been made by the parties concerned, one and or another by observing the provision of Article 1;

k. “Secretariat” shall mean and refer to the administrative facility of BANI which shall be responsible for registration of the arbitral reference and other matters of an administrative nature in furtherance of the arbitration process.

l. “Secretary of the Tribunal” shall mean and refer to the secretary designated by BANI to assist in the administration of the arbitration proceeding in question; and

m. “Writing”, in capital letters or small letters, shall include not only documents written or printed on paper but also electronically created and/or transmitted documentation; such writings to include not only agreements but also exchange of correspondence, minutes of meetings, telex, telefax, e-mail and other such communications; and no agreement, document, correspondence, notice or other instrument which is required to be in writing shall be denied legal effect solely for the reason that it is contained in an electronically created or transmitted message.

Article 4. Submission, Written Notice, and Deadline

1. Submission of written communication and number of copies

All written communication submissions to each party, together with each and every supporting document, must be handed over to the BANI Secretariat to be registered with adequate number of copies to enable BANI to give a copy of each communication to each party, to each of the arbitrators, and for filing at the BANI Secretariat. For this purpose, the parties and/or their attorneys must guarantee that BANI at any time shall have the latest address and telephone number, fax, e-mail that are relevant to the communication required. Each communication sent directly by the Tribunal to the parties shall be copied to the Secretariat and each communication sent by the parties to the Tribunal must be copied to the other party and to the Secretariat.

2. Communication with the Tribunal

Once the Arbitral Tribunal has been constituted, no communication shall be made by any party with any one or more of the arbitrators in any way relating to the arbitral reference except: (i) in the presence and/or with participation of the other party (if verbal); or (ii) with a copy sent simultaneously to the other party or parties, and to the Secretariat (if written).

3. Notice

Each notice that has to be given based on these Rules, unless the Tribunal instructs otherwise, must be given directly, through courier, facsimile or e-mail and shall be considered effective on the date of receipt or if the date of receipt cannot be determined, on the day after the delivery in question.

4. Time Calculation

Any period of time specified in or fixed under these Rules or under any applicable agreement to arbitrate, shall commence on the day following the date the notice or communication is deemed to be effective, as provided in Rule 4, paragraph (3), above. Where the expiration date of any notice or time limit falls upon a Sunday or Indonesian national holiday, such time limit shall expire on the next business day following such Sunday or holiday.

5. Calendar Days

Reference to numbers of days in these Rules shall refer to calendar days.

6. Quick Resolution

By referring resolution of dispute to BANI in accordance with these Rules, all parties agree to pursue resolution of such dispute in good faith, endeavoring at all times to effect resolution of such dispute as quickly and efficiently as possible, not to take any unnecessary delaying action nor other step to impede the smooth and just arbitral process.

7. Proceeding Deadline

Unless specifically agreed upon by the parties, the proceeding shall be completed within a period of not longer than 180 (one hundred eighty) days from the date of composition of the full Tribunal. In special conditions where the dispute is of a highly complex nature, the Tribunal shall be empowered to extend the deadline upon notice to the parties.

Article 5. Representatives of Parties

1. The Parties may be represented in the arbitration by an individual or individuals chosen by them. In the first submission, namely in the Petition for Arbitration from the Claimant and likewise in the Reply of the Respondent on the Petition, each party must state the name, address data, and information as well as the position of each individual representing the party in the arbitration and such designation must be supported by a special power of attorney special duly stamped with enough copies as stipulated in Article 4 paragraph (1) above] giving the right to the individual to represent the party in question.

2. However, if a party is represented by a foreign advisor or a foreign legal advisor in an arbitration case relating to dispute that abides by the Indonesian law, the foreign advisor or the foreign legal advisor may attend only if he is accompanied by an Indonesian advisor or legal advisor.

CHAPTER III
Commencement of Arbitration

Article 6. Petition for Arbitration

1. The arbitral procedure commences with the registration and filing the Petition for Arbitration by the party initiating recourse to arbitration (the “Claimant”).

2. Designation of Arbitrator

In the petition for arbitration, the Claimant and in its reply on the petition the Respondent may designate an arbitrator or hand over the designation to the BANI Chairman.

3. Fees/Expenses

Petition for Arbitration must be accompanied by payment of the registration fee and the administrative fee in accordance with the BANI regulation.

The administrative fee shall include the administrative fee of the Secretariat, proceedings expenses and arbitrators fee.

If a third party beyond the arbitration agreement participates and joins in the process of dispute resolution through arbitration as referred to by article 30 of Law No. 30 of 1999, then the third party shall be obliged to pay the administrative fee and other fees in connection with the participation.

4. Examination of arbitration case shall not be commenced before the administrative fee has been settled by the parties in accordance with the BANI regulation.

Article 7. Registration

1. After receiving the Petition for Arbitration and documents as well as the registration fee required, the Secretariat shall register the Petition in the BANI register.

2. The Board of BANI shall review the petition to determine whether or not the arbitration agreement or arbitration clause in the contract is adequate to provide a basis of authority for BANI to examine the dispute.

Article 8. Response of Respondent

1. If the Board determines that BANI is authorized to adjudicate the dispute, then after registration of the Petition, one or more Secretaries of the Tribunal must be designated to assist in the administration of the arbitration case.

2. The Secretariat shall give a copy of the Petition for Arbitration and the attached documents to the Respondent, and request the Respondent to submit its written response within a period of not longer than 30 (thirty) days.

3. Response

Within a period of not longer than 30 (thirty) days after receiving the submission of Petition for Arbitration, the Respondent shall be obliged to submit its Reply. In the Reply, the Respondent may designate an arbitrator or hand over the designation to the BANI Chairman. If, in the reply, the Respondent does not designate an arbitrator, then it shall be considered that the designation has absolutely been handed over to the BANI Chairman.

4. Extension of Period

The BANI Chairman shall be authorized, at the request of the Respondent, to extend the period for submission of reply and or the designation of an arbitrator by the Respondent with legitimate reasons, on the condition that the extension of period may not exceed 14 (fourteen) days.

CHAPTER IV
Arbitration Panel

Article 9. Individuals empowered to be Arbitrators

1. Arbitration Panel

Except in special situations as referred to in Article 9 paragraph (2) below, only those who are recognized included in the list of arbitrators provided by BANI and/or having ADR/Arbitration certificate recognized by BANI may act as arbitrators based on these Rules that may be chosen by the parties.

The BANI list of arbitrators shall comprise arbitrators meeting the requirements, residing in Indonesia and in various jurisdictions throughout the world, either legal experts or non-legal practitioners and experts such as engineers, architects, and other individuals meeting the requirements. The list of arbitrators from time to time may be reviewed, added or amended by the Board.

2. External Arbitrator

In the event that the nature of the dispute requires an arbitrator possessing special expertise to properly adjudicate the dispute referred to BANI, a petition may be filed with the Chairman of BANI to designate an arbitrator who is not listed in the BANI list of arbitrators on the condition that the arbitrator concerned meets the requirements referred to in paragraphs 1 above and 3, below. Each petition must clearly state the reason for the need for such an external arbitrator together with a complete curriculum vitae of the arbitrator being proposed. If the Chairman of BANI considers that there is no arbitrator in the BANI list of arbitrators with the required professional qualification, whilst the arbitrator requested does possess such qualification, is neutral and independent, then the Chairman of BANI may, based on his own consideration, approve the designation of the arbitrator.

If the Chairman of BANI does not approve the designation of the external arbitrator, the Chairman must recommend, or designate, with his own choice, an arbitrator alternative chosen from the BANI list of arbitrators or an expert meeting the requirements in the required field but is not registered in the BANI list of arbitrators. The Board may consider the designation of a foreign arbitrator who is recognized on the condition that the foreign arbitrator meets the qualification requirements and is prepared to comply with the BANI Procedural Regulation, including the stipulation regarding arbitrator fee, whereby the designating party shall be obliged to bear the travel, accommodation and other extraordinary expenses related to the designation of the foreign arbitrator.

3. Qualifications

Besides possessing ADR/Arbitration certificate as referred to in paragraph 1 above and/or other qualification recognized by BANI, all arbitrators must possess requirements as follows:

a. authorized or qualified to take legal actions;

b. being at least 35 years of age;

c. not having familial relationship based on descent and marriage down to the third generation, with any of the parties in dispute;

d. not possessing financial interest or anything whatsoever on the result of arbitration resolution;

e. experienced for at least 15 years and mastering actively the relevant field;

f. not serving or acting as judge, prosecutor, clerk of court, or other government official.

4. Statement of Independence

Arbitrators who have been appointed in accordance to BANI Rules to handle the case, shall be obliged to sign a Statement of Independence as provided by BANI Secretariat.

5. Indonesian Law

If according to the arbitration agreement the dispute is governed by Indonesian law, at least one arbitrator, preferably but not necessarily the Chair, shall be a law graduate or practitioner who knows Indonesian law well and resides in Indonesia.

Article 10. Composition of Tribunal

1. Sole Arbitrator

If the Tribunal is to comprise only one sole arbitrator, the Claimant may, in the petition for arbitration, propose to the Chairman one or more individuals meeting the requirements as a recommendation to act as sole arbitrator. If the Respondent accepts one of the candidates nominated by the Claimant, with the approval of the Chairman, the individual may be designated as sole arbitrator. However, if there is no candidate nominated by the Claimant that is acceptable to the Respondent, unless both parties agree on a Tribunal comprising three arbitrators, the Chairman of BANI shall be obliged to immediately designate an individual who shall act as sole arbitrator, which designation may not be rejected or objection may not be lodged by either party except on demonstrable grounds of lack of independence or impartiality. If the parties do not accept a sole arbitrator, and/or the Chairman considers that the dispute in question is of a complex nature and/or the scale of the dispute in question or the quantum in dispute is such that a Tribunal comprising three arbitrators is clearly warranted, then the Chairman shall inform the parties of the matter and a period of 7 (seven) days shall be given to them each to designate an arbitrator chosen by them and if this is not complied with then the stipulation in Article 10 paragraph (3) below shall apply.

2. Designation Failure

In any case in which either party shall fail to designate or appoint an arbitrator within the time limitation as set out herein within not more than 14 (fourteen) days from notice or request to do so, taking into consideration the provision in Article 8 (3), the Chairman shall be authorised to make such appointment on behalf of that party.

3. In Case of Three Arbitrators

If the Tribunal is to consist of three arbitrators, in case both parties have appointed their respective arbitrators, the Chairman of BANI will appoint an arbitrator to preside the Tribunal.

The appointment of the arbitrator who will preside the Tribunal shall take place after taking into consideration the proposals from the respective arbitrators of both parties which choice can be made from the list of BANI arbitrators.

4. If Number is not Fixed

If the parties have not agreed earlier regarding the number of arbitrators (such as one or three arbitrators), the Chairman shall be empowered to rule, based on the nature, complexity, and scale of the dispute in question, whether the case in question requires one or three arbitrators and, in such case, the stipulations in the previous paragraphs of Article 10 shall apply.

5. Multiple Parties

In case there are more than two parties in the dispute, then all of the parties acting as Claimant(s) shall be considered as a single party Claimant with regard to designation of arbitrator, and all parties being claimed against shall be considered as a single party Respondent for purposes of designation of an arbitrator. In the event that such multiple parties cannot agree upon the designation of an arbitrator within the allotted time frame, the selection of an arbitrator shall be deemed to have been left to the Chairman of BANI, who shall make the selection on their collective behalf.. In special situations, if requested by a majority of the parties in dispute, the Chairman of BANI may approve the formation of a Tribunal comprising more than 3 arbitrators. Additional third parties may join in an arbitration case only insofar as this is allowed based on the stipulation of Article 30 of Law No. 30/1999.

6. Authority of Chairman of BANI

Final decision or approval regarding the designation of all arbitrators shall be in the hands of the Chairman of BANI. In giving such approval, the Chairman may request additional information in connection with the independence, neutrality and/or criteria of the arbitrators being nominated. The Chairman may also consider the citizenship of the arbitrator nominated in connection with the citizenship of the parties in dispute by observing the standard requirements prevailing at BANI.

The Chairman shall make an effort to ensure that the decision with regards the arbitrator designation is made or approved within a period of not longer than 7 (seven) days from the time the matter is submitted to him.

7. Acceptance of Arbitrators

An arbitrator candidate, within a period of 7 (seven) days from his or her designation, shall submit to BANI curriculum vitae and a written statement of willingness to act as arbitrator, in which statement he or she shall disclose any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence.

Article 11. Challenge/Recusal of an Arbitrator

1. Challenge

Any arbitrator may be challenged if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence. A party wishing to make such challenge shall so notify BANI in writing within 14 (fourteen) days from the time it is advised of the identity of such arbitrator, attaching documentation establishing the basis for such challenge. Or, if the information which forms the basis of the challenge becomes known to the challenging party thereafter, such challenge must be submitted within 14 (fourteen) days after such information becomes known to the challenging party.

2. Replacement

BANI shall be obliged to review the exhibits through a special team and convey the result to the arbitrator being challenged and the other parties regarding the challenge. If the arbitrator being challenged agrees to resign, or another party agrees with the challenge, a replacement arbitrator shall be designated in the same manner as in the case of designation of the recused arbitrator, based on the stipulations in article 10 above. Otherwise BANI may, but not required to, approve the recusal, in which case the Chairman of BANI shall designate a replacement arbitrator.

3. Recusal Failure

If the other party or arbitrator does not agree to the challenge, and the Chairman of BANI also considers that the challenge is groundless, then the arbitrator being challenged shall continue his duties as arbitrator.

4. Recusal of Designating Party

A party may challenge the arbitrator designated by itself only for reasons of which such party becomes aware after the appointment has been made.

Article 12. Replacement of an Arbitrator

1. Death or Disability

In the event, during the course of the arbitral proceedings, of the death or incapacitation of an arbitrator, a substitute arbitrator shall be appointed pursuant to the same paragraph of article 10 as was applicable to the appointment or choice of the arbitrator being replaced.

2. Resignation of Arbitrator

The candidate or the arbitrator having conflict of interests with the case or the parties in dispute shall be obliged to resign.

Otherwise, once the Tribunal has been constituted, no arbitrator may resign from his/her post, except in the event he is challenged in accordance with the stipulations of this Rules of Procedures and laws and regulations.

3. Failure to Act

In case an arbitrator fails in performing his duties, on a de jure or de facto basis, to the extent that it becomes impossible for him to perform his function, as determined by the Chairman of BANI, then the procedure related to recusal and replacement of an arbitrator in accordance with the stipulations in Article 11 shall apply.

4. Repetition of Proceedings

If based n Articles 11, 12(1), or 12(3), a sole arbitrator is replaced, then proceedings, including the hearings conducted earlier must be repeated. If the Chairman of the Tribunal is replaced, each testimony hearing session earlier may be repeated if deemed necessary by the other arbitrators. If any other arbitrator is replaced, the other arbitrators shall brief the new arbitrator and no prior hearings shall be repeated except in extraordinary circumstances where, and to the extent that, the Tribunal, in its sole discretion, deems necessary in the interests of natural justice. The repetition of any hearings for above reasons may be taken into account and, if the Tribunal deems it appropriate, the deadline for completion of case examination in the proceeding referred to in Article 4 paragraph (7) may be extended.

CHAPTER V
Arbitration Proceedings

Article 13. General Stipulations/Proceedings

1. Authority of Tribunal

After the formation or designation based on the stipulations in Chapter III above, the Arbitration Tribunal shall examine and rule on the dispute between the parties on behalf of BANI and therefore may exercise all of the authority possessed by BANI in connection with examination and passing of resolutions on the dispute in question. Before and during the proceeding period the Tribunal may make an effort to encourage amicable resolution between the parties. The effort to achieve amicable resolution shall not affect the deadline for examination in the proceeding referred to in Article 4 paragraph (7).

2. Confidentiality

All proceedings shall be conducted closed to the public, and all matters related to the arbitral reference, including documents, reports/notes on sessions, testimonies of witnesses and awards, shall be kept in strict confidence among the parties, the arbitrators and BANI, except to the extent required by law or otherwise as may be agreed by all parties to the dispute.

3. Natural Justice

Subject to these Rules and applicable law, the Arbitral Tribunal may conduct the arbitration in any such manner as it considers appropriate, provided that the parties are treated with equality and that at any stage of the proceedings each party is given a fair and equal opportunity of presenting its case.

4. Venue of Hearings

Hearings shall be conducted at a venue designated by BANI, and the agreement of the parties but may also be at another venue if deemed necessary by the Tribunal with the agreement of the Parties. The Arbitration Tribunal may request that meetings be held to examine assets, other goods, or documents at any time and at the required place, with notice as required to the parties, to allow them to be able to attend the examination. Internal meetings and sessions of the Tribunal may be held at any time and venue, including over the internet, if the Tribunal deems this appropriate.

Article 14. Language

1. Language of Proceedings

If the parties have not agreed otherwise, the process of case examination shall be conducted in the Indonesian language, unless the Tribunal, taking into consideration the situation (such as existence of foreign parties and/or foreign arbitrators who cannot speak Indonesian, and/or where the transaction arising from the dispute is conducted in another language), deems it appropriate to use the English language or another language.

2. Document Language

If the original documentation submitted or relied upon by the parties in the submission of the case in question in a language other than the Indonesian language, then the Tribunal shall be empowered to determine whether or not the original documents must be accompanied by translation into the Indonesian language, or from the Indonesian language to another language. However, if the parties agree, or the Tribunal designates, that the language used in the case shall be a language other than the Indonesian language, then the Tribunal may request that the documents be submitted in the Indonesian language accompanied with translation by a sworn translator in the English language or the other language to be used.

3. Interpreter

If the Tribunal and/or any party requires the assistance of an interpreter during the proceeding, such interpreter shall be provided by BANI at the request of the Tribunal, and the fee of the interpreter shall be borne by the parties as deemed appropriate by the Tribunal.

4. Award Language

The Award shall be prepared in the Indonesian language, and if requested by one party or otherwise deemed appropriate by the Tribunal, in the English language or another language. In case the original Award document is prepared in the English language or another language, an official translation shall be provided by BANI for registration purposes, and the cost for this shall be borne by the parties as instructed by the Tribunal.

Article 15. Applicable Law

1. Governing Law

The law that shall govern the substance of the dispute shall be the law that has been designated so to govern in the underlying commercial agreement between or among the parties in connection with which the dispute has arisen. In the absence of any such prior agreement by the parties as to the law that shall govern, the parties shall be free to designate the governing law on their mutual agreement. In the absence of any such agreement, the Tribunal shall have the authority to apply such rules of law as it deems appropriate, considering the circumstances of the matter.

2. Contract Stipulations

In applying the governing law, the Tribunal shall take into account the provisions of the underlying agreement as well as relevant trade practices and usage.

3. Ex Aequo et Bono

The Tribunal may assume the powers of an amiable compositeur and or decide ex aequo et bono where, and to the extent that, the parties have so agreed.

Article 16. Petition for Arbitration

1. Submission

The petition for arbitration which includes Statement of Claim submitted to BANI will be distributed to each member of the Tribunal and to the other party (or parties).

2. Conditions

The Petition for Arbitration must contain at least:

a. Name and address of each of the parties;

b. Information regarding facts supporting Petition for Arbitration;

c. Points at issue; and

d. The amount of relief or other remedy sought.

3. Documentation

The Claimant shall annex to the Statement of Claim a copy of the underlying agreement or agreements between or among the parties in connection with which the dispute has arisen and a copy of the agreement to arbitrate (if not included in the aforesaid underlying agreement), and may also annex all other documents deemed by the Claimant to be relevant. If additional documents or other evidence are intended to be submitted at a subsequent time, the Claimant should make reference to these in the Statement of Claim.

Article 17. Statement of Defense

1. Submission

Within a period of not longer than 30 (thirty) days the Respondent must submit its Statement of Defense to BANI to be conveyed to the Tribunal and the Claimant.

2. Conditions

The Respondent shall, in its Statement of Defense, address the matters enumerated under (b) and (c) of Article 16 paragraph (2) above. The Respondent may also annex to its Statement the documents on which it relies for its defense or shall make reference to any additional documents or other evidence intended to be submitted at a subsequent time.

3. Counterclaim

a. If the Respondent wishes to assert against the Claimant a counter-claim or set-off arising in connection with the dispute or in relation to the Claimant’s claim, Respondent may submit such counter-claim or set-off together with its Statement of Defense or as the latest as the first hearing. The Tribunal shall have the authority, on application by the Respondent, to allow such counter-claim or set-off to be submitted at a later date if Respondent can establish that such delay is justified in accordance with the stipulations of Article 6 paragraphs (1) and (2) and Article 16 paragraphs (2) and (3).

b. Separate costs and fees shall be assessed with respect to such counter-claim or set-off in the same manner as for the primary claim, as provided in these Rules and the current schedule of fees as promulgated by BANI from time to time. Provided such additional fees and costs have been paid by the parties, the counter-claim or set-off will be heard, considered, and decided simultaneously and jointly with the original claim

c. Failure of the parties, or either of them, to pay the fees and costs assessed with respect to any counter-claim or set-off will not prevent nor delay continuation of the arbitral reference with respect to the main claim, which, provided the fees and costs have been paid with respect to such main claim, shall proceed as though no counter-claim or set-off had been asserted.

4. Response to Counter-claim

In the event that the Respondent has submitted a counter-claim or set-off, the Claimant (being a respondent thereunder) shall be afforded a period of thirty (30) days, or such other time limit as the Tribunal may deem appropriate, to submit its Answer to the counter-claim or claim for set-off, following the provisions of Article 17 paragraph (2) above.

Article 18. Jurisdiction

1. Competenz Competenz

The Tribunal shall have the power to rule on any objection that it does not have jurisdiction, including any objection with respect to the existence or validity of the agreement to arbitrate.

2. Independent Arbitration Clause

The Tribunal shall be empowered to determine the existence of validity of an agreement in which the arbitration clause constitutes a part. For the purposes of this Rule an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract and which provides for arbitration under these Rules shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. A determination by the Tribunal that a contract is annulled by law shall not automatically annul the validity of the arbitration clause.

3. Denial Deadline

A contention that the Tribunal does not have jurisdiction shall be raised not later than in the Statement of Defense or, with respect to a counter-clam or set off arising in connection with the dispute in the Answer to the counter-claim or set off.

4. Interim Award

Normally, the Tribunal should rule on a plea concerning its jurisdiction as a preliminary question. However, if it deems appropriate, the Tribunal may proceed with the arbitration and rule on such a contention in their final Award.

Article 19. Documents and Other Rulings

1. Procedural Hearing

After receipt of the submissions, the Tribunal must determine, on its sole discretion, whether or not the dispute can be resolved based on the documents alone, or it is necessary to call the parties to appear at a hearing. For such purpose the Tribunal may call for an initial procedural hearing, at which the schedule for other submissions, if any, and for hearings, if any, as well as other procedural matters shall be discussed with and/or communicated to the parties, either directly or through the BANI Secretariat.

2. Procedural rulings

The Tribunal shall, subject to these Rules, have full authority to determine the procedure and to make such rulings as it deems appropriate, which rulings shall be binding upon the parties. If the Tribunal deems it necessary, it may draw up Terms of Reference to be signed by the Tribunal and the parties. In any case the Secretary of the Tribunal shall take minutes of the proceedings and rulings of the Tribunal, which minutes, when signed by the Tribunal, shall constitute conclusive documentation of the proceedings.

3. Transcript

Should either of the parties wish to make a record of the proceedings, or any part thereof, upon approval of the Tribunal such party may engage the services of an independent reporter or secretary who shall deliver each transcript to the Tribunal for distribution to all parties. The costs of any such transcript shall be borne by the party or parties requesting same, such costs to be paid in advance to BANI for remittance by BANI to the reporter upon receipt of proper invoicing therefor.

4. Payable Fee

The examination of a case and/or session shall not be conducted before all of the arbitration fees, as notified by the Secretariat to the parties based on the extent of the scale of the demand and the list of expenses that from time to time are announced by BANI, have been settled by one of or both parties.

5. Interlocutory Award

The Tribunal shall have the authority to make any provisional award or other interlocutory decision it may deem appropriate to regulate the manner of running the dispute, including decreeing a security attachment, ordering the deposit of goods with third parties, or the sale of perishable goods. The Tribunal shall be entitled to require security for the costs of any such measures.

6. Sanctions

The Tribunal shall have authority to impose sanctions on any party which fails or refuses to comply with any ruling made by the Tribunal or otherwise engages in conduct which impedes the smooth adjudication of the dispute by the Tribunal.

Article 20. Effort to Seek Amicable Resolution

1. Amicable Resolution

The Tribunal shall first endeavor to encourage the parties to make an amicable settlement either on their own or with assistance of an independent third party mediator or facilitator or with the assistance of the Tribunal if it is agreed upon by the parties.

2. Award on Amicable Agreement

If such a settlement can be reached, the Tribunal will prepare a written memorandum of such settlement, which memorandum shall have the force of a consent Award and shall be binding upon both parties and enforceable in the same manner as an Award of the Tribunal.

3. Failure to Resolve Amicably

If no settlement can be reached, the Tribunal will continue the arbitral procedure in accordance with these Rules.

Article 21. Default in Appearance

1. Failure of Claimant

In case the Claimant fails and/or does not come to the first session conducted by the Tribunal without a legitimate reason, then the Tribunal may declare the Petition for Arbitration annulled.

2. Failure of Respondent

In the event that the Respondent fails to submit its Response and/or its Statement of Defense, the Tribunal shall send written notice to the Respondent and allow a further time period of not more than fourteen (14) days in which to submit its Defense and/or appear at a hearing. In the event that the Respondent neither appears at a hearing, if properly called, nor submits its written Defense, the Tribunal shall send a second notice to the Respondent to appear or submit its Defense. If the Respondent fails to respond for the second time without any valid reason, the Tribunal may decide and make its award based upon the documents and evidence which have been submitted by the Claimant.

Article 22. Amendments and Subsequent Submissions

1. Amendments

Once the submissions, as aforesaid, have been completed, and once the initial hearing has been held, the parties shall not have the right to amend their Claims and/or Responses in any material manner, unless the Tribunal and all parties agree to such amendments. No claim may, however, be amended in such a manner that the amended claim falls outside the scope of the agreement to arbitrate.

2. Subsequent Submissions

The Tribunal shall decide which further evidences and/or written statements, in addition to the Statement of Claim and the Statement of Defense, shall be required from the parties or may be presented by them and shall fix the periods of time for submitting such statements. The Tribunal shall not be required to consider any additional submissions other than those which it has ruled to be appropriate.

Article 23. Evidence and Hearings

1. Burden of Proof

Each of the parties has the burden to explain its respective position, to submit evidence substantiating such position and to prove the facts relied upon it in support of its claim or defense.

2. Summary of Exhibits

The Tribunal may, if it considers it appropriate, require the parties either to address any enquiry or present any documentation the Tribunal deems necessary, and/or to present a summary of all documents and other evidence which that party has presented and/or intends to present in support of the facts in issue set out in its Statement of Claim or Statement of Defense, within such time limits as the Tribunal shall deem appropriate

3. Weight of evidences

The Tribunal shall determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of the evidence offered

4. Witnesses

If the Tribunal considers it necessary, and/or at the request of either party, expert witnesses or witnesses as to facts may be summoned. Such witnesses may be required by the Tribunal to present their testimony in a written statement first, on the basis of which the Tribunal shall determine, on its own or upon request of either party, whether oral testimony of any such witness shall be required

5. Expenses of Witnesses

The party requesting the summons of a witness or expert witness must pay in advance all of the cost related to the presence of the witness. For this purpose the Tribunal may request that on the payment a deposit be made first to BANI.

6. Oath

Before giving their testimonies, the witnesses or expert witnesses may be requested to take an oath.

7. Conclusion of Proceeding

If the submission of exhibits, testimonies and proceedings are considered adequate by the Tribunal, the proceeding on the dispute shall be closed by the Chairman of the Tribunal who subsequently may designate a session for the final award announcement.

Article 24. Revocation of Arbitration

1. Revocation

So long as the Tribunal has not issued an Award, the Claimant shall have the right to revoke its claim upon written notice to the Tribunal, the other party and BANI. However if the Respondent has already submitted its Statement of Defense, and/or counterclaim, the claim can only be revoked with the consent of the Respondent.. If both parties agree to revoke the arbitration after the proceeding has been started, then such revocation shall be carried out with through the issuance of a consent award by the Tribunal.

2. Refund of Payment of Expenses

In case of such revocation, if the proceeding has not been started yet, all of the cost paid, except registration fee, shall be returned to the Claimant and the administrative expenses of the BANI Secretariat that have been incurred shall be taken into account. If the proceeding or consultative meetings have been started, the administrative expenses including the expenses constituting the entitlement of the arbitrators deemed reasonable by the BANI Chairman, after consulting with the Tribunal, shall be taken into account in the refund.

CHAPTER VI

The Award

Article 25. Final Award

Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the Tribunal shall issue its final Award within 30 (thirty) days of the conclusion of the hearings, except in such case in which the Tribunal considers that the period must be extended adequately.

Article 26. Other Awards

Besides making a final Award, the Tribunal shall be entitled to make interim, interlocutory, or partial Awards.

Article 27. Majority

Where the Tribunal consists of three (or more) arbitrators, any award or other of the Tribunal shall be made based upon a decision of the majority of the arbitrators.

Any difference of opinion of the arbitrators regarding certain parts of the award may be stated in the award.

In the event that there is no majority accord upon the award, or any part thereof, the decision on such point or points shall be made by the Chairman of the Tribunal.

Article 28. Procedural Rulings

For matters of procedure, when there is no majority or when the Tribunal so authorises, the Chairman of the Tribunal may decide on his/her own, subject always to revision, if any, by the Tribunal.

Article 29. Reasoned Award

The Award shall be made in writing and shall state the reasons upon which the Award is based, unless the parties have agreed that no reasons are to be given.

Award of the Tribunal shall be passed based on the legal stipulations or based n justice and propriety.

Article 30. Signing of Award

The Award shall be signed by the arbitrators and it shall contain the date and place in which it was rendered. If there are three arbitrators and one of them fails to sign, the Award shall state the reason for the absence of the signature

Article 31. Conveyance

Within a period of 14 (fourteen) days, the award that has been signed by the arbitrators must be given to each party, together with 2 (two) copies for BANI, and one of the copies shall be registered by BANI with the District Court concerned.

Article 32. Final and Binding

The award shall be final and binding on the parties. The parties undertake to carry out the Award without delay. In the Award the Tribunal may fix a time limit for the losing party to comply with the Award and impose penalty and/or interest at commercial rates for failure so to do.

Article 33. Registration

The confidentiality of the arbitral process shall not be interpreted to prevent registration of the Award with the appropriate District Court nor submission to any other court in any jurisdiction in which the successful party may wish to seek enforcement and/or execution thereof

Article 34. Correction of Errors

Within not more than fourteen (14) days after receipt of the Award, the parties may submit a request to BANI for the Tribunal to correct any administrative errors and/or to make additions or deletions to the Award if a matter claimed has not been dealt with in such Award.

Article 35. List of Expenses

The costs of arbitration shall be fixed in a separate schedule annexed to these Rules. Such schedule may be revised or amended from time to time as deemed appropriate by BANI.

Article 36. Payment of Expenses

BANI shall invoice each of the parties for one half of the approximated costs, giving a time limit for payment thereof. If one party fails to pay its portion of the costs, the same may be paid in the first instance by the other party, and shall be subsequently taken into account in the award with the obligation of the party failing to pay.

BANI may, at the request of the Tribunal, increase the required costs, from time to time during the course of the arbitral reference where the Tribunal deems that the subject matter being considered or quantum claimed has increased above that which was first anticipated.

Article 37. Allocation

The Tribunal shall have authority to determine which party or parties shall be responsible for payment, or reimbursement to the other party, for the whole or any part of the costs, which allocation shall be made a part of the Award.

In general, where one party is fully successful, the other party shall bear the costs; and where each party is partially successful the costs will be allocated in accordance with the proportion of success of the claim of each party.

Article 38. Legal Service Fees

Except in extraordinary circumstances, the costs of legal representation of each party shall be borne by the party contracting such legal representation and will not normally be assessed against the other party. Where the Tribunal determines that a claim is frivolous or that one party has caused innumerable difficulties or delays in the progress of the arbitral reference, legal costs may be awarded to the adversely affected party.

Article 39. Execution Expenses

Costs of execution of the Award shall be borne by the losing party who fails voluntarily to comply with the terms of the Award.

PENDIRIAN PERSEROAN TERBATAS

2009-02-23T06:08:00.002+07:00

Persero: Undang-Undang nomer 9 tahun 1969 tentang bentuk bentuk usaha Negara jo. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomer 12 Tahun 1998 tentang perusahaan Perseroan atau PT Persero.

Mendirikan PT
Kitab UU Dagang (KUHD) Buku Kesatu BAB III bagian 3, pasal 36-56, persyaratan:
1. Dibuat dalam akta otentik, minimum 2 orang (pasal 38)
Dua orang artinya bahwa pendiri sekurang-kurangnya harus ada dua tidak boleh satu. Mengapa? Karena dalam mendirikan perusahaan (badan hukum) harus didasarkan pada “perjanjian” atau yang disebut “asa kontraktual”. Kalau orang hendak membuat perjanjian sekuran-kurangnya harus ada dua orang atau dua pihak. Ketentuan ini menegaskan prinsip yang berlaku berdasarkan undang-undang tersebut yaitu “prinsip perjanjian.” Orang disini diartikan orang perseorangan maupun artificial person atau badan hukum.

Apabila pemegang saham perseroan menjadi kurang dua orang maka undang-undang mewajibkan pemegang saham bersangkutan untuk mengalihkan sebagian sahamnya kepada orang lain dalam waktu paling lama (6) bulan terhitung sejak keadaan tersebut. Disini terselip lagi istilah “orang lain” yang maksudnya adalah orang yang tidak merupakan kesatuan harta bersama yaitu antara pemegang saham.

Bagaimana halnya apabila setelah batas 6 bulan tersebut sudah terlampaui tetapi pemegang sahamnya tetap kurang dari 2 orang dalam keadaan demikian maka pemegangn saham bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas segala perikatan atau kerugian perseroan dan atas permohonan pihak yang berkepentingan, Pengadilan Negeri dapat membubarkan Perseroan.

Akta Pendirian memuat Anggaran Dasar dan keterangan lain sekurang-kurangnya: nama lengkap, tempat dan tanggal lahir, pekerjaan, tempat tinggal, dan kewarganegaraan:
- Kewarganegaraan pendiri, karena pada dasarnya badan hukum Indonesia yang berbentuk PT didirikan oleh warga Negara Indonesia, namun demikian kepada warga Negara asing diberi kesempatan untuk mendirikan badan hukum Indonesia yang berbentuk PT sepanjang UU yang mengatur bidang usaha perseroan tersebut diatur dengan UU sendiri,
- Susunan, nama lengkap, tempat dan tanggal lahir, pekerjaan, tempat tinggal, dan kewarganegaraan anggota Direksi dan Komisaris yang pertama kali diangkat;
- Nama pemegang saham yang telah mengambil bagian dan rincian jumlah saham dan nilai nominal atau nilai yang diperjanjikan dari saham yang telah ditempatkan dan disetor pada saat pendirian.
- Penyetoran saham dalam bentuk atau cara lain daripada uang tunai.

Larangan dalam Akta Pendirian:
- Ketentuan tentang penerimaan bunga tetap atas saham;
- Ketentuan tentang pemberian keuntungan pribadi kepada pendiri atau pihak lain,

2. Memperoleh persetujuan dari Menteri Kehakiman RI (Pasal 36)
Ini menunjukkan bahwa sebelum suatu PT diakui sebagai badan hukum, maka PT tersebut belum bisa bertindak melakukan perbuatan hukum. Dengan kata lain tidak bisa melakukan kegiatan transaksi seperti melakukan jual-beli, membuat perjanjian dan lain sebagainya. Dan pertimbangan2nya berdasarkan:
1. Tidak bertentangan dengan kesusilaan dan ketertiban umum menurut pasal 37 KUHD,
2. Tidak ada keberatan-keberatan yang penting terhadap pendiriannya,
3. Tidak memuat ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlawanan dengan hal-hal yang diatur dalam KUHD Buku Kesatu Bab III Bagian 3 mengenai PT yaitu mulai pasal 38-55.

Cara Pemberian Persetujuan oleh Menteri Kehakiman:
1. Bersyarat, yaitu persetujuan diberikan dengan catatan bahwa perseroan akan bersedia dibubarkan apabila MENTERI KEHAKIMAN menganggap perlu untuk kepentingan umum,
2. Tampa syarat, yaitu persetujuan diberikan tampa catatan yang artinya tidak bisa dibubarkan kecuali oleh Mahkamah Agung atas dasar ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

Dalam permohonan ditolak, maka penolakannya harus diberitahukan kepada pemohon secara tertulis beserta alasannya dan pemberitahuan batas waktunya adalah 60 hari sejak permohonan diterima.

Dalam kurun waktu menunggu tersebut:
a. para pendiri berupaya menyelesaikan hal-hal yang perlu termasuk mengadakan transaksi atau membuat perjanjian dengan pihak ketiga;
b. anggota direksi yang diangkat dan nama-namanya telah dicantumkan dalam Akta Pendirian sudah mulai melakukan kegiatan baik yang bersifat intern maupun dengan pihak ketiga.

3. Didaftarkan di Kepaniteraan Pengadilan Negeri di daerah hukum dimana perseroan tersebut berkedudukan,

Pengukuhan (RUPS setelah perseroaan disahkan) dilakukan oleh seluruh pendiri pemegang saham dan direksi, sebelumnya semua tindakan merupakan tanggung jawab pribadi masing masing pendiri atas segala akibat hukum yang timbul:

1. Perseroan secara tegas menyatakan menerima semua perjanjian yang dibuat oleh pendiri atau orang lain yang ditugaskan oelh pendiri dengan pihak ketiga;
2. Perseroan secara tegas menyatakan mengambil alih semua hak dan kewajiban yang timbul dari perjanjian yang dibuat oleh pendiri atau orang lain yang ditugaskan oleh pendiri atau orang lain yang ditugaskan oleh pendiri, walaupun perjanjian tersebut tidak dilakukan atas nama perseroan;
3. Perseroan mengukuhkan secara tertulis semua perbuatan hukum yang dilakukan atas nama perseroan.

Pendaftaran dan Pengumuman
- Wajib berdasarkan UU Nomor 3 Tahun 1982 tentang wajib Daftar Perusahaan (WDP), 30 hari setelah pengesahan.
o Akta pendirian beserta pengesahan menteri kehakiman;
o Akta perubahan Anggaran Dasar beserta surat persetujuan Menteri Kehakiman; atau
o Akta perubahan AD beserta laporan kepada Menteri Kehakiman,
- Pelanggaran atau kelalaian atas pelaksanaan kewajiban untuk mendaftarkan sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku, diancam dengan sanksi pidana atau perdata, Pasal 32-35:
Pasal 32:

(1) Barang siapa yang menurut Undang undang ini dan peraturan pelaksanaannya diwajibkan mendaftarkan perusahaannya dalam Daftar Perusahaan yang dengan sengaja atau karena kelalaiannya tidak memenuhi kewajibannya, diancam pidana penjara selama-lamanya 3 bulan atau pidana denda setinggi-tinggiya Rp. 3.000.000 (tiga juta rupiah)
(2) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) pasal ini merupakan kejahatan.

Pasal 33
(1) Barang siapa melakukan atau menyuruh melakukan pendaftaran secara keliru atau tidak lengkap dalam Daftar Perusahaan diancam dengan pidana kurungan selama-lamanya 3 bulan atau pidana denda setinggi-tingginya Rp. 1.500.000,- (satu juta lima ratus ribu rupiah).
(2) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) pasal ini merupakan pelanggaran.

Pasal 34
(1) Barang siapa tidak memenuhi kewajiban menurut undang-undang ini dan atau peraturan-peraturan pelaksanaannya untuk menghadap atau menolak untuk menyerahkan atau mengajukan sesuatu pernyataan dan atau keterangan lain untuk keperluan pendaftaran dalam Daftar Perusahaan diancam dengan pidana atau denda setinggi-tingginya Rp. 1.000.000 (satu juta rupiah)
(2) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud ayat (1) pasal ini merupakan pelanggaran.

Pasal 35
(1) Apabila tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal 32, 33 dan 34 UU ini dilakukan oleh suatu badan hukum, penuntutan pidana dikenakan dan pidana dijatuhkan terhadap pengurus atau pemegang kuasa dari badan hukum itu.
(2) Ketentuan ayat (1) pasal ini diperlakukan sama terhadap badan hukum yang bertindak sebagai atau pemegang kuasa suatu badan hukum lain.

4. Diumumkan dalam Berita Negara RI (pasal 38):
“Menyatakan bahwa PT ini baru dianggap badan hukum setelah mendapat pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman pendaftaran pada Pengadilan Negeri yang bersangkutan dan pengumuman dalam Berita Negara RI.”

Dengan terlaksananya keempat tahap atau langkah tersebut diatas, maka tuntaslah pelaksanaan pemenuhan syarat yagn diharuskan sehingga suatu PT telah berdiri sebagai badan hukum yang sah/sempurna. Biasanya dalam praktek keempat syarat tersebut dikuasakan dan dilaksanakan oleh notaries yaitu setelah dibuat dan ditandatangani oleh Pendiri atau para pemegang saham perseroan.

ANGGARAN DASAR PT
Anggaran Dasar PT memuat sekurang-kurangnya:
(1) Nama dan tempat kedudukan perseroan; didahului dengan singkatan “PT” dan diakhiri oleh “Tbk”. Tempat kedudukan tersebut sekaligus merupakan kantor pusat perseroan. Perseroan wajib memilih alamat di tempat kedudukannya dan alamat itu harus disebutkan antara lain dalam surat-menyurat, sehingga melalui alamat tersebut perseroan dapat dihubungi.

Nama Perseroan (pasal 13) dinyatkan larangan memakai nama apabila:
a. telah dipakai secara sah oleh perseroan lain atau mirip dengan nama perseroan lain,
b. bertentangan dengan ketertiban umum dan atau kesusilaan,
c. Liat PP no 26 Tahun 1998- pemakaian nama perseroan tersebut tidak boleh merugikan sesame pengusaha di bindang usaha dan perdaganggan dan menimbulkan adanya persaingan tidak sehat, mencegah pihak-pihak yang beritikad buruk denagn jalan pintas ingin memperoleh keuntungan sebesar-besarnya.

Alasan lain penolakan:
- Nama tersebut dapat memberikan kesan adanya kaitan antara perseroan dengan suatu lembaga pemerintah lembaga yang dibentuk berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan atau lembaga internasional kecuali ada izin dari yang bersangkutan.
- Nama tersebut hanya terdiri dari angka atau rangkaian huruf yagn tidak membentuk kata (PT A, PT BC)
- Nama tersebut menunjukkan maksud dan tujuan perseroan kecuali ada tambahan lain misalnya PT Impor Ekspor; atau
- Nama tersebut menunjukkan maksud dan tujuan serta kegiatan Perseroan, misalnya PT Andalan Fluid Sistem yang bergerak di bidang pemborongan umum, PT Dirgantara Tehnik yang kegiatan usahanya di bidang percetakan;
- Nama tersebut hanya merupakan nama suatu tempat antara lain daerah wilayah atau Negara misalnya PT Jakarta, PT Indonesia, etc
- Nama tersebut ditambah kata dan atau singkatan kata yang mempunya arti sebagai Perseroan terbatas, badan hukum lainnya atau persekutuan perdata, misalnya Usaha Dagang (UD), Koperasi Usaha Dagang (KUD), Incorporated, Associate, Association, SA, SARL, AG, etc.

Permohonan dapat dilakukan terlebih dahulu secara terpisah memungkinkan perseroan memperoleh hak memakai suatu nama terlebih dahulu dari perseroan lainnya dan atau agar lebih cepat mendapat kepastian untuk dapat menggunakan nama tersebut. Dapat diajukan secara langsung melalui pos atau melalui media lainnya seperti faksimili dan email. Persetujuan adalah 15 hari setelah permohonan diterima. Setelah diterima, pemohon wajib mengajukan permohonan pengesahan Akta Pendirian atau persetujuan Akta Perubahan AD dalam janka waktu paling lama 60 hari.

(2) Maksud dan tujuan serta kegiatan usaha perseroan yang sesuai dengan peraturan dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku,
(3) Jangka waktu berdirinya perseroan; pada dasarnya jangka waktu berdirinya Perseroan adalah tidak terbatas lamanya.
(4) Besarnya jumlah modal dasar, modal yang ditempatkan, dan modal yang disetor, modal dasar perseroan ditentukan paling sedikit sebesar Rp.20.000.000. Modal yang ditempatkan paling sedikit 25% dari modal dasar. Dari setiap penempatan modal tersbeut harus telah disetor paling sedikit 50% dari nilai nominal setiap saham yang dikeluarkan. Seluruh saham yang telah dikeluarkan harus disetor penuh pada saat pengesahan perseroan.
(5) Jumlah saham, jumlah klasifikasi saham apabila ada, berikut jumlah untuk tiap klasifikasi, hak-hak yang melekat pada setiap saham dan nilai nominal setiap saham;
(6) Susunan, jumlah, dan nama anggota Direksi dan Komisaris;
(7) Penetapan tempat dan tata cara penyelanggaran RUPS;
(8) Tata pemilihan, pengangkatan penggantian dan pemberhentian anggota Direksi dan Komisaris;
(9) Tata cara penggunaan laba dan pembagian dividen;
(10) Ketentuan-ketentuan lain menurut UUPT.

Perubahan Anggaran Dasar:
Persoroan harus memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan UU apabila ingin melakukan perubahan AD. Perubahan Anggaran Dasar ditetpkan oleh Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham dan usul adanya perubahan Anggaran Dasar dicantumkan dalam surat panggilan atau pengumuman untuk mengadakan RUPS:
- Perubahan mendasar harus mendapat persetujuan Menteri Kehakiman RI (atau yang tidak mendasar- 14 hari terhitung sejak keputusan RPUS) dibuat di dalam akta notaris yang berbahasa Indonesia dan harus didaftarkan di Daftar Perusahaan di kantor tempat pendaftaran Perusahaan, serta diumumkan dalam Tambahan Berita Negara Republik Indonesy sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam UU No 1 1995.
o Nama perseroan,
o Maksud dan tujuan perseroan,
o Kegiatan usaha perseroan,
o Jangka waktu berdirinya perseroan apabila AD menetapkan jangka waktu tertentu,
o Besarnya modal dasar,
o Pengurangan modal ditempatkan dan disetor atau status Perseroan Tertutup menjadi Perseoran Terbuka atau sebaliknya.

Apabila permohonan persetujuan ditolak, apabila:
- Bertentangan dengan ketentuan mengenai tata cara perubahan AD,
- Isi perubahan bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, ketertiban umum dan atau kesusilaan atau
- Ada sanggahan dari kreditur atas keputusan RUPS mengenai pengurangan modal;

Harus diberitahukan kepada pemohon alasan penolakan dalam waktu 60 hari.

Perubahan AD tidak dapat dilakukan pada saat perseroan dinyatakan pailit kecuali dengan persetujuan kurator. Maksudny adalah sebagai upaya untuk membebaskan perseroan dari keadaan pailit misalnya perubahan yang berkaitan dengan penambahan modal, pergantian Direksi dan atau Komisaris atau perubahan manajemen. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut harus dengan persetujuan kurator, hal ini sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip kepailitan antara lain semua perbuatan hukum dalam keadaan pailit hanya dapat dilakukan oleh atau dengan persetujuan kurator.

MODAL PT (AUTHORISED CAPITAL)
Jenis modal ada 3:
(1) Modal dasar (authorized capital) adalah jumlah saham yang dapat dikeluarkan oleh perseroan, sehingga modal dasar terdiri atas seluruh nominal saham,
(2) Modal yang ditempatkan (issued capital atau subscribed capital) adalah saham yang telah diambil dan sebenarnya telah terjual kepada para pendiri maupun pemegang saham perseroan. Bisa termasuk treasury stock.
(3) Modal yang disetor (paid up capital) adalah saham yang telah dibayar penuh kepada perseroan yang menjadi penyertaan atau penyetoran modal riil yang telah dilakukan oleh pendiri maupun para pemegang saham perseroan.

Penyetoran atas saham
Pada saat pendirian perseroan, paling sedikit 25% dari modal dasar tersebut harus telah ditempatkan dan setiap penempatan modal harus telah disetor paling sedikit 50% dari nilai nominal setiap saham yang dikeluarkan. Seluruh saham yang telah dikeluarkan harus disetor penuh pada saat pengesahaan perseroan dengan bukti penyetoran yang sah.

Pengeluaran saham lebih lanjut setiap kali harus disetor penuh. Ketentuan ini menegaskan bahwa sejak tanggal pengesahaan tida dimungkinkan penyetoran secara berangsur. Hal ini hanya dapat dilakukan apabila dapat persetujuan dari Menteri Kehakiman.

Penyetoran atas saham dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk lain bisa berupa benda berwujud atau benda tidak berwujud yang dapat dinilai dengan uang dan penilaian harga ditetapkan oleh ahli yang tidak terikat pada perseroan. Apabila dalam bentuk benda tidak bergeral harus diumumkan dalam 2 surat kabar harian dengan maksud agar diketahui oleh umum dan memberi kesempatan kepada pihak yang berkepentingan untuk dapat mengajukan keberatan atas penyerahan benda tidak bergerak tersebut sebagai setoran saham.

Ketentuan Pasal 28 UU PT menentukan bahwa “pemegang saham yang mempunyai tagihan terhadap perseroan tidak dapat menggunakan hak tagihannya sebagai kompensasi kewajiban penyetor atas harga sahamnya” adalah
(1) Untuk mencegah bahwa pemegang saham yang juga kreditor perseroan secara sepihak tampa sepakat dari perseroan menggunakan hak kompensasi dan dengan demikian menempatkan dirinya dalam kedudukan yang menguntungkan berkenaan dengan kewajiban penyetorannya yang menjadi jaminan semua kreditor perseroan;
(2) Untuk menghindari adanya perseroan yang setoran modalnya fiktif.

PERLINDUNGAN MODAL DAN KEKAYAAN PERSEROAN
Perseroan dapat membeli kembali saham yang telah dikeluarkan dengan ketentuan:
a. dibayar dari laba bersih sepanjang tidak menyebabkan kekayaan bersih menurut neraca tahunan yang disahkan dalam waktu 6 bulan terakhir perseroan menjadi lebih kecil dari jumlah modal yang ditempatkan ditambah cadangan yang diwajibkan sesuai dengan ketentuan UUPT; dan
b. Jumlah nilai nominal seluruh saham yang dimiliki perseroan bersama dengan yang dimiliki oleh anak Perusahaan dan gadai saham yang dipegang tidak melebihi 10% dari jumlah modal yang ditempatkan.

HUKUM PENERBITAN PASAR MODAL

2009-02-23T06:07:00.000+07:00

HUKUM PENERBITAN SAHAM DI PASAR MODAL

Saham= share= stock= andeel=andil= sebagian kepemilikan dalam sesuatu PT; Modal yang ditanam dalam perseroan yang dipunyai oleh sesuatu pihak oleh masing-masing dalam bentuk sertifikat saham.

Pasal 1 (5) UU tentang Pasar Modal No. 8 (1995), maka yang dimaksud dengan:
Efek adalah surat berharga yaitu surat pengakuan hutang, surat berharga komerisial, saham, obligasi, tanda bukti hutang, unit penyetoran kontrak investasi kolektif, kontrak berjangka atas efek, dan derivative dari efek.

Dasar Hukum berlakunya saham:
a. UUPT No. 1 (1995) mengatur saham:
• Pengaturan saham dari aspek permodalan PT;
• Pengaturan saham dari aspek hak, status, kewajiban dan tanggung jawab pemegang sahamnya,
• Pengaturan saham dari aspek rapat umum pemegang saham dan hak suara,
• Pengaturan saham dari aspek peralihan dan pembebanannya,
• Pengaturan saham dari aspek sertifikat, surat saham, pencatatan dan dokumentasi.

b. KUHD tentang Surat Berharga, hanya mengatur khusus satu per satu tentang jenis-jenis surat berharga berupa surat wesel, surat sanggup, cek, promes dan kuitansi atas pembawa. Unsur2nya adalah berbentuk suatu akta, dapat diperdagangkan, diterbitkan berdasarkan suatu perikatan dasar tertentu dan mempunyai nilai sebesar nilai perikatannya. Pembagian surat berharga tersebut:
a. Surat tanda keanggotaan yang merupakan keanggotaan dari suatu perkumpulan/ perseroan eg surat saham.
b. Surat-surat berdaya hukum kebendaan; surat berharga memberi hak kepada pemegangnya untk mengklaim penyerahan suatu barang.
c. Surat tagihan; suatu klaim atas sejumlah uang: golongan surat penglunasan (kwitansi dan surat tunjuk), surat perintah membayar, surat janji/ pengakuan membayar seperti promes atas tunjuk.

c. Pengaturan Perundang2an Pasar Modal No.8 (1996), Peraturan Pelaksanaan dari UU Pasar Modal dan Ketentuan-ketentuan yang dikeluarkan oleh Bursa Efek dimana saham akan diperdagangkan (pasar sekunder). Saham sebagai salah satu jenis surat efek atau surat berharga.

d. Pengaturan dalam Peraturan Khusus:
• Untuk saham saham dari PT BUMN diatur juga dalam aturan mengenai BUMN.
• Untuk saham saham dari suatu Bank diatur juga dalam peraturan perbankan dan ketentuan-ketentuan yang ditertibkan oleh Menteri Keuangan,
• Untuk suatu PT PMA/ PMDN berlaku juga ketentuan-ketentuan yang berkenaan dengan PMA/ PMDN.

HAK SUARA DAN VOTING AGREEMENT

Prinsipnya: one share one vote, namun tidak mutlak sebab UUPT menganut prinsip saham yang bersifat:
1. Variatif- ada saham yang mempunyai hak suara khusus, bersyarat, terbatas atau saham tampa hak suara sama sekali (vide pasal 46 4(a) UUPT)
2. Dinamis- karena satu atau lebih klasifikasi saham dapat ditarik kembali atau ditukar dengan klasifikasi saham lainnya (vide Pasal 46 4 (b) UUPT)
3. Konkurensi- UUPT memperkenankan berlakunya beberapa klasifikasi/ jenis saham sekaligus dalam satu PT, asal saja salah satu dari klasifikasi tersebut mestilah dalam bentuk saham biasa.

Tujuan dari voting adalah untuk kepentingan pihak dalam rapat umum pemegang saham yang akan datang, atau dalam rapat umum yang membahas hal tertentu ataupun bahkan dalam setiap rapat umum pemegang saham.

Kekecualian pada asas pemisahan tersebut apabila:
• Dimungkinkannya saham tampa hak suara (Pasal 46 4(a))
• Saham yang dimiliki oleh perseroan sendiri tidak punya hak suara (Pasal 72 (2))
• Saham induk perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh anak perusahaan tidak mempunyai hak suara (Pasal 77 (3))
• Saham yang dibeli kembali oleh perseroan tidak mempunyai hak suara (Pasal 33 (2))
• Saham induk perusahaan yang dibeli oleh anak perusahaan juga tidak mempunyai hak suara (Pasal 33 (1))

PEMBELIAN KEMBALI SAHAM OLEH PERUSAHAAN TERBUKA

Syarat2:
• Dibayar dengan laba bersih perusahaan,
• Berlaku rumus KB > MDt +CW, kekayaan bersih PT tersebut tidak menjadi lebih kecil dari penjumlahan antara jumlah modal yang ditempatkan dengan besarnya cadangan wajib.
• Berlaku rumus JNS P + JNS AP + GS < =10 % MDt, penjumlahan antara nilai nominal seluruh saham perusahaan induk dan anak perusahaan dengan gadai saham yang dipegang tidak boleh melebihi dari 10% dari modal yang ditempatkan.
• Dilakukan berdasarkan keputusan RUPS,
• RUPS tersebut mempunyai quorum minimal 2/3 dari suara yang sah dengan voting minimal 2/3 dari seluruh suara yang sah tersebut.
• RUPS dapat menyerahkan kewenangannya tersebut kepada organ lain (direktur atau komisaris) untuk waktu paling lama tahun, sewaktu-waktu dapat pula menarik kembali kewenangan tersebut.
• Waktu perpanjangan 5 tahun tersebut dapat tiap kali diperpanjang lagi maksimum tiap 5 tahun.
• Saham yang dibeli kembali tersebut tidak mempunyai hak suara dan tidak dapat dihitung untk suatu quorum.

Dianjurkan bila jika harga saham menurun secara drastic, sehingga dengan banyaknya permintaan beli dan sedikitnya saham yang masih beredar di pasar, diharapkan harga saham akan naik kembali.

OBLIGASI DI PASAR MODAL

Obligasi= Fixed Income Securities= Surat Hutang= Bonds, merupakan bukti hutang yang tergolong jangka panjang, definisi dari kamus khusus Pasar Uang dan Modal:
Surat hutang berjangka waktu lebih dari satu tahun dan bersuku bunga tertentu yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan untuk menarik dana dari masyarakat guna pmbiayaan perusahaan atau oleh pemerintah untuk keperluan anggaran belanjannya. (Bapepam, 1974:31)

Faktor-faktor penting yang harus dipertimbangkan sebelum membeli obligasi:
• Reasonable return, investasi tersebut dapat memberikan pengembalian yang besar,
• Minimum risk, investasi dengan tingkat resiko yang tinggi harus dijauhi,
• Marketability, memilih investasi yang mudah diperjual-belikan (liquid),
• Term of investment; harus pula diperhitungkan berapa keperluan dan jangka waktu investasi tersebut.
• Pihak penerbit biasanya perusahaan swasta, BUMN, pemerintah pusat ataupun pemerintah daerah, dan biasanya lebih disukai karena kepastian membayarnya biasanya lebih terjamin, nilai bunganya lebih tinggi dari bunga deposito, atau jika bunganya rendah, ada kelebihan lain seperti dapat ditukarkannya dengan saham (convertible) dan dalam Junk bonds, bunga yang ditawarkan sangat tinggi.
• Reinvestment Risk: Sebgaimana diketahui bahwa bagi pemegang obligasi ada asumsi bahwa dana yang diterima oleh pihak perusahaan penerbit akan diinvestasi kembali dalam sesuatu atau berbagai bentuk investasi. Maka yang dimaksud dengan reinvestment risk adalah jika reinvestasi oleh perusahaan penerbit tersebut gagal atau tidak membawa return seperti yang diharapkan, sehingga timbul risiko bagi perusahaan penerbit tersebut yang selanjutnya membawa resiko bagi pihak pemegang obligasi sendiri.
• Interest rate risk (market risk), contoh, apabila seseorang pemegang obligasi telah menjual obligasinya, maka jika kemudian tingkat suku bunga menjadi tinggi, tentu dia telah dalam keadaan potential lost.
• Votality risk: risiko bagi suatu pemegang karena adanya fluktuasi dari harga obligasi tersebut yang disebabkan oleh berbagai factor seperti tingkat suku bunga, realisasi hak-hak penerbit obligasi, seperti hak untuk membeli kembali dan sebagainya.
• Call risk (dapat ditarik kembali) oleh pihak penerbitnya agar terdapat fleksibilitas bagi pihak penerbit itu sendiri biasanya jika tingkat suku bunganya sangat rendah dan tidak menguntungkan bagi investor.
• Default risk (credit risk) karena penerbitan suatu obligasi pada prinsipnya sama dengan pinjam uang oleh pihak penerbit dari investor, maka merupakan suatu resiko apabila pihak penerbit obligasi mengadakan wanprestasi tidak melunasi pokok atau bunga obligasi pada saat jatuh tempo.
• Inflation risk (purchasing power risk) hal ini sangat riskan bagi model obligasi yang fixed rate. Sementara bagi yang obligasi dengan floating rate, resiko inflasi ini relative kecil berhubung tingkat suku bunga dari obligasi yang bersangkutan selalu disesuaikan dengan tingkat inflasi.
• Exchange Rate Risk (currency risk) adanya resiko terhadap pemegang obligasi diterbitkan dalam mata uang rupiah, maka jika terjadi depresiasi rupiah terhadap dollar, maka pihak investor tentu akan dirugikan.
• Liquidity risk (marketability risk) risiko dari pihak investor jika nantinya obligasi tersebut sulit/ murah jika dijual di pasaran.

PENERBIT OBLIGASI

Keuntungan dari penerbitan suatu obligasi:
• Investor tidak berhak atas keuntungan perusahaan kecuali hanya terhadap bunga,
• Biaya penerbitan obligasi relative lebih murah dibandingan penerbitan saham, walaupun masih lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan penerbitan commercial paper or short term debt (notes) lainnya.
• Para pemilik obligasi umumnya tidak mempunyai hak suara dan tidak dapat mempengaruhi jalannya perusahaan,
• Tingkat bunga obligasi biasanya relative tidak terlalu tinggi,
• Jika obligasi diisukan lewat pasar modal, perusahaan penerbit obligasi atau obligasinya terus dipantau oleh masyarakat dan pihak yang berwenang seperti Bapepam misalnya, sehingga jalannya perusahaan menjadi lebih hati hati dan terarah.

Kerugian bagi suatu perusahaan penerbit obligasi antaa lain:
• Biasanya perjanjian obligasi (indenture) sangat ketat, sehingga hal ini dapat menghambat dan membatasi kegiatan perusahaan di bidang keuangan.
• Umumnya bunga obligasi haruslah dibayar tepat waktu, jika wanprestasi bahkan perusahaan dapat dimintakan pailit.
• Pembayaran pinjaman pokok obligasi pada saat jatuh tempo menyebabkan perusahaan penerbit kala itu harus menyediakan dana dalam jumlah yang besar,
• Karena obligasi dipandang sebagai hutang jangka panjang, maka hal ini dapat mengakibatkan biaya tetap, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan biaya tetap sehingga dapat menyulitkan tingkat solvabilitas perusahaan penerbit yang incomenya tidak stabil atau naik turun.

PROSEDUR PENGISUAN DAN PARA PIHAK YANG TERLIBAT

Obligasi dapat diterbitkan dengan 2 cara:
1. Private Placement;
2. Pasar Modal; harus memenuhi tata cara yang berlaku di pasar modal termasuk tata cara disclosure, pernyataan pendaftaran, dan juga tata cara jual beli di pasar sekunder (bursa efek) jika memang ingin diperjual-belikan disitu.

Karena itu penerbitan dalam suatu obligasi perlu ditentukan ratingnya terlebih dahulu yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan khusus melakukan tugasnya itu, yang di Indonesia dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Pemeringkat Efek Indonesia (PEFINDO).

Mamfaatnya:
1. Membantu untuk menentukan stuktur obligasi; misalnya mengenai jenis dan jangka waktu, besarnya bunga, dan lain lain;
2. Untuk mengetahui posisi emiten;
3. Alat promosi;
4. Menurunkan biaya perolehan dana.

Mamfaat penentuan peringkat bagi investor:
1. Merupakan informasi atas resiko investasi;
2. Mendapatkan informasi secara lebih mudah dan murah,
3. Membantu dalam melakukan keragaman investasi sesuai dengan risikonya.

DASAR HUKUM BAGI SUATU OBLIGASI

1. Dasar Hukum pengisuan obligasi;
a. UUPT
b. UU Pasar Modal
c. Penjaminan BW
d. Peratuan Pemerintah Khusus untuk perusahaan tertentu
2. Dasar hukum substantial;
a. Hutang-Piutang BW
b. Surat Berharga KUHD
c. Hukum perjanjian dari BW
3. Dasar hukum penjualan di pasar premier,
a. Hutang-piutang BW
b. UU Pasar Modal
4. Dasar hukum penjualan di pasar sekunder;
a. Hutang-piutang BW
b. UU Pasar Modal
5. Dasar hukum convertible pada convertible bonds;
a. Hutang-piutang BW
b. UUPT
6. Dasar hukum jika ada wansprestasi;
a. Hukum Perjanjian BW tentang wanprestasi;
b. Hutang Piutang BW
c. Surat Berharga KUHD
d. Hukum Acara Perdata HIR
e. UU Hak Tanggungan
7. Dasar hukum jika ada repurchase.
a. Hukum Perjanjian BW
b. Hukum Surat berharga KUHD

Dokumentasi terpenting dalam penerbitan sesuatu obligasi adalah Perjanjian Perwaliamatan” yang mengandung (KUH Perdata pasal 1317- hukum positif untuk perjanjian kepentingan pihak ke-3 ):
- dasar dan tujuan penerbitan obligasi bagi perusahaan yang bersangkutan,
- jumlah seluruh pinjaman,
- tingkat bunga dan jumlah lembar kupon,
- kewajiban wali amanat,
- imbalan jasa abgi wali amanat;
- syarat, kondisi dan jenis dari obligasi,
- jangka waktu pinjaman dan cara-cara pelunasan;
- pengaturan mengenai sinking fund;
- kewajiban emiten;
- Pemberian kuasa dari pemegang obligasi kepada wali amanat;
- Pernyataan/ jaminan wali amanat;
- Wanprestasi emiten;
- Rapat umum pemegang obligasi;
- Jaminan hutang (kebendaan dan atau garansi)
- Pernyataan dan jaminan dari emiten;
- Tentang daluwarsa dan pengeluaran duplikat obligasi beserta kuponnya,
- Dll.

Sistem Perwaliamanatan menurut versi UU Pasar Modal 8 (1995):
1. Dilakukan oleh bank umum dan pihak lain;
2. Perusahaan penyelenggara perwaliamanatan (termasuk bank) harus terdaftar di Bapepam,
3. Wali amanat tidak boleh punya hubungan affiliasi dengan emiten;
4. Mewakili kepentingan investor surat hutang, di dalam atau di luar pengadilan;
5. Wali amanat dilarang mempunyai hubungan kredit dengan emiten sampai batas minimum tertentu,
6. Hubungan dengan emiten ditentukan dalam suatu kontrak Perwaliamanatan,
7. Wali amanat tidak boleh menjadi penanggung atas surat hutang yang sama.

Beberapa tindakan hukum yang dilakukan untuk melindungi pihak pemegang obligasi ini adalah:
1. Kewajiban disclosure dari perusahaan penerbit obligasi;
2. Pemakaian jaminan-jaminan terhadap obligasi tersebut baik jaminan kebendaan jaminan perorangan ataupun jaminan perusahaan,
3. Pemberian peringkat terhadap obligasi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan pemeringkat,
4. Peraturan yang ketat dalam listing di Bursa Efek. Dalam hal ini bursa efeklah yang mesti membuat peraturan tersebut,
5. Memperketat aturan tentang emisi obligasi, yang dalam hal ini dilakukan oleh Bapepam/ Menteri Keuangan,
6. Dilengkapunya penerbitan suatu obligasi dengan akta-akta yang lebih mudah dalam eksekusinya jika terjadi wanprestasi. Misalnya dilengkapi dengan akta pengakuan hutang murni yang dibuat oleh notaris dan mempunyai irah-irah “Demi Keadilan Berdasarkan Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa”

ASPEK HUKUM PERPAJAKAN
Perlu diperhatikan supaya pemotongan2 tertentu dapat membuat kekecewaan. Semuanya diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No 46 (1996) tentang Penghasilan atas Penghasilan Berupa Bunga atau Diskonto Obligasi yang dijual di bursa efek.

Hukum perpajakan di Indonesia tidak memberikan insentif berupa pembebasan pajak terhadap bunga atau diskon dari obligasi kecuali hanya terhadap beberapa investor institutional tertentu yang tidak terkena pemotongan pajak, yaitu:
a. Bank yang didirikan di Indonesia atau cabang bank luar negeri yang berkedudukan di Indonesia;
b. Dana pension yang pendiriannya telah disahkan oleh Menteri Keuangan;
c. Reksadana yang terdaftar di Bapepam,
d. Badan atau pejabat perwakilan Negara asing atau organisasi international.

Akan tetapi bagi bank, dana pension yang pendiriannya telah disahkan oleh menteri keuangan dan reksadana yang menjual kembali obligasi kepda pihak lain selain yang dibebaskan seperti tersebut di atas, wajib memotong pajak penghasilan atas diskonto obligasi yang dinikmati pihak lain tersebut.

Syarat2 dan ketentuan tentang pengenaan pajak pengahasilan atas bunga obligasi tersebut adalah sbb:
1. Ditujukan terhadap dalam segala jenis obligasi;
2. Obligasi tersebut diperdagangkan di bursa efek.
3. Pajak Penghasilan dikenakan terhadap bunga atau diskonto;
4. Pemotongan pajak bersifat final;
5. Bagi wajib pajak yang ternyata seluruh penghasilannya termasuk bunga atau diskonto yang berasal dari obligasi tersebut dalam 1 tahun pajak tidak melebihi penghasilan tidak kena pajak, dapt mengajukan permohonan restitusi,
6. Penerbit obligasi terkena kewajiban memotong pajak,
7. Besarnya pungutan pajak:
a. 15% dari jumlah bruto untuk wajib pajak dalam negeri,
b. 20% dari jumlah bruto bagi wajib pajak luar negeri selain usaha tetap, untuk negara2 yang tidak ada penghindaran pajak berganda;
c. Untuk wajib pajak luar negeri yang negaranya melakukan penghindaran pajak berganda, berdasarkan tariff dalam perjanjian penghindaran pajak berganda,
8. Yang dikecualikan dari pajak atas bunga dan diskonto obligasi seperti tersebut diatas tidak terkena pemotongan pajak.

MACAM MACAM OBLIGASI

Annuity Bond/ perpetual bond/ irredeemable bond
Obligasi ini tidak mempunyai habis temponya, tetapi bunganya harus dibayar untuk selama-lamanya.

Adjustment Bond (salah satu jenis dari income bond)
Obligasi yang bunganya dibayar menurut jumlah yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan sesudah dibayar menurut jumlah yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan sesudah dibayar semua hutang sebelumnya. Biasanya obligasi ini dikeluarkan oleh suatu perusahaan yang sedang mengalami proses reorganisasi keuangannya.

Baby bond
Biasanya merupakan suatu obligasi yang mempunyai nilai nominal sebesar US $100 atau kurang.

Backed bond (secured bond)
Obligasi yang dijamin oleh hak tanggungan, hipotik atau gadai.

Bearer bond (coupon bond)
Suatu obligasi yang tidak terdaftar atas nama pemiliknya dalam buku buku perseroan, akan tetapi apat diperdagangkan dan dibayar kepada si pembawa. Bunga dibayar atas dasar kupon atau sertifikat dari tersebut atau “registered as to principal only”.

Blanket bond
Obligasi yang dijamin dengan seluruh asset dari pihak penerbitnya kecuali asset yang pada dasarnya sudah dikuasai oleh pihak lain.

Bottomry bond
Suatu obligasi semata-mata dijamin dengan hipotik atas kapal (tidak termasuk muatan kapal), yang dikeluarkan oleh pemilik kapal dengan tujuan untk memperoleh dana untuk melengkapi atau memperoleh dana untuk melengkapi atau memperbaiki kapal tersebut.

Callable bond
Surat hutang yang dapat ditarik kembali oleh perusahaan penerbitnya. Penerbit dapat membayar obligasi tersebut sebahagian atau seluruhnya pada setiap waktu atau pada waktu tertentu walaupun masa jatuh temponya belum tiba.

Called bond
Sejenis callable bond yang pembayarannya dapat ditagih. Bunga atas bond tersebut tidak lagi berlaku terhadap masa setelah tanggal tagihan tersebut.

Car trust bond
Suatu obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan pengangkutan darat, dimana dana dari obligasi tersebut diperuntukkan untuk pembelian perlengkapan barunya.

Chattel Mortgage Bond
Suatu obligasi yang dikeluarkan dengan jaminan berbentuk chattel mortgage.

Classified Bond
Ini merupakan suatu obligasi yang diterbitkan beberapa kali secara berseri yang bisa jadi mempunyai tanggal jatuh tempo atau tingkat suku bunganya yang berbeda-beda. Misalnya ada obligasi seri/ kelas A, B,C dst.

Clean bond
Obligasi dengan kupon yang di bagian belakangnya tidak terdapat endorsemen atau tulisan-tulisan lainnya.

Collateral Trust Bond
Suatu bond yang jaminannya adalah suatu simpanan atau deposito surat surat saham pada suatu trustee. Surat saham tersebut juga mungkin merupakan surat efek milik anak perusahaan penerbitnya.

Consolidated Bond, Unified Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan dalam rangka membayar kembali atau mengganti kerugian terhadap 2 atau lebih obligasi yang sebelumnya telah diterbitkan. Biasanya dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menyederhanakan susunan hutang perseroan penerbit ataupun untuk mengambil keuntungan dari tingkat suku bunga yang lebih menguntungkan.

Consolidated Mortgage Bond
a. sebagai suatu obligasi yang dikeluarkan untk menggantikan dua atau lebih mortgage bond yang telah terlebih dahulu dikeluarkan,
b. Suatu obligasi yang dijamin dengan suatu consolidated mortgage.

Construction Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan untk menanggung dana-dana yang diperlukan dalam rangka melaksanakan suatu konstruksi. Obligasi semacam ini biasanya dijamin dengan suatu hak tanggungan atas bangunan yang sedang dikerjakan tersebut.

Continued Bond (extended bond)
Pihak pemegang obligasi mempunyai hak atau kewajiban untuk menukarkan obligasi tersebut dengan saham dari perusahaan penerbut pada waktu yang ditentukan. Beberapa rumus:

Market Conversion Price= Market Price CB
Conversion Ratio

Market Conversion Premium Ratio = Market Conversion Premium per share
Market Price of Common Stock

Premium Over Straight Value= Market Price of CB
Straight Value

Corporate Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan oleh suatu perseroan.

Corporate Mortgage Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan oleh suatu perusahaan dengan jaminan asset-asset dari perusahan tersebut. Bila memungkinkan, asset tersebut dikuasai oleh trustee yang menguasainya untk kepentingan para pemegang obligasi tersebut.

Cumulative Income Bond
Obligasi pendapatan yang merupakan hak kumulatif atau laba bersih perusahaan yang belum dibayarkan pada tahun yang lalu.

Currency Bond
Obligasi yang harus dibayar dengan alat pembayaran yang sah dari suatu Negara tertentu. Jadi tidak dibayar dengan emas atau dengan alat pembayaran menurut pilihan pemegangnya.

Debenture Bond
Suatu obligasi yang dikeluarkan tampa suatu jaminan tertentu yang didasari kepercayaan pihak penerbitnya dan biasanya dijual dalam bentuk diskonto.

Deferred Bond
Obligasi yang ditunda pembayaran bunganya atas kesepakatan antara debitur dan kreditur.

Definitive Bond
Suatu obligasi final dimana digunakan untk menggantikan sertifikat-sertifikat sementara (sertifikat pengganti) yang telah terlebih dahulu diterbitkan.

Development Bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan dengan tujuan untk mendapatkan dana-dana untuk melaksanakan suatu pembangunan tertentu.

Discount Bond
Obligasi yang dijual di bawah harga minimalnya, dimana dengan demikian pembayaran bunga hanya dilakukan sekaligus seluruhnya pada hari tunai.

Dollar Bond
Suatu obligasi baik yang dikeluarkan oleh pihak US atau tidak, tapi pembayaran uang pokok maupun bunganya dilakukan dalam mata uang dollar.
Drawn Bond
Obligasi dalam bentuk callable yang cara penebusannya dilakukan dengan cara undian pada rangkaian hari-hari penebusannya.

Dual Currency Bond
Obligasi yang antara principalnya dengan bunganya diberikan dalam mata uang yang berbeda.

Eligible Bond (Legal Bond)
Obligasi yang secara perundang-undangan dan administrasi telah dinyatakan dapat dipilih untuk dibeli sebagai suatu investasi oleh pihak investor institutional.

Endorsed Bond
Obligasi yang terlah dipindah-tangankan (diendorse) untuk maksud tertentu misalnya dipergunakan dan dititipkan sebagai suatu jaminan hutang, yang mengandung endorsemen yang menyatakan dapat diserahkan kepada pemegangnya yang baru.

Equipment Trust Bond
Obligasi yang biasanya diterbitkan oleh perusahaan untuk memperoleh dana guna membeli perlengkapan atau alat-alat produksi yang baru.

Eurobond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan di luar negeri asal perusahaan penerbitnya, khususnya diterbitkan di Negara Negara eropa.

Exchangeable Bond (convertible bond)
Dapat dipertukarkan dengan saham. Bedanya dengan convertible bond adalah saham yang ditukar dengan obligasi tersebut adalah bukan saham dari perusahaan penerbit obligasi melainkan saham dari perusahaan lain, misalnya dari perusahaan dalam group perusahaan tersebut.

Extended Bond
Obligasi yang hari jatuh temponya ditunda atas persetujuan pemegangnya dengan tingkat suku bunga yang sama atau berlainan.

First and Refunding Mortgage Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan untk menggantikan suatu pengeluaran yang telah terjadi sebelumnya dengan jaminan hipotik/ hak tanggungan pertama.

First Lien Collateral Trust Bond
Surat-surat berharga milik dari penerbit obligasi dan juga milik dari anak-anak perusahaannya sebagai jaminan terhadap obligasi tersebut dalam bentuk hak preferens atas barang jaminan.

First Mortgage Bond
Obligasi dengan jaminan kebendaan atas asset-asset tertentu milik penerbitnya, jaminana mana mempunyai hak preferens pertama.

Fixed rate bond
Obligasi yang memberikan bunga bersifat tetap selama jangka waktu tersebut.

Floating rate Bond
Obligasi yang perhitungan bunganya tidak dengan cara bunga tetap, melaikan dilakukan dengan memakai suatu patokan tertentu. Patokannya misalnya sekian persen diatas tingkat suku bunga rata-rata enam bank pemerintah.

General Mortgage Bond
Suatu obligasi yang dijamin oleh general mortgage, yakni dijamin oleh hipotik/ hak tanggungan atas semua asset perusahaan penerbit.

Gilt Edged Bond
Obligasi kelas tinggi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan yang telah membuktikan kemampuannya memperoleh keuntungan selama bertahun-tahun dan tidak pernah menunda pembayaran bunga.

Gold Bond
Jenis obligasi yang bayaran pokok dan bunganya dalam bentuk emas. Seing juga obligasi jenis ini ditawarkan oleh pemerintah dengan tujuan menekan inflasi.

Government Bond (Municipal Bond)
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah dari suatu Negara tertentu.

Guaranteed Bond
Obligasi yang pembayarannya kembali dijamin oleh pihak lain (guarantor) selain dari yang menerbitkannya.

Improvement Mortgage Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan dengan tujuan untk membiayai renovasi sesuatu. Biasanya bangunan yang direnovasi tersebut menjadi jaminan atas pembayaran kembali obligasi tersebut.

Income Bond
Suatu jenis obligasi yang bunganya baru dibayar jika perusahaan penerbitnya memperoleh keuntungan. Bunganya dapat bersifat kumulatif untuk beberapa tahun tetapi biasanya tidak melebihi jangka waktu tiga tahun. Income Bond biasanya kurang menarik investor berhubung biasanya obligasi jenis ini diterbitkan oleh perusahaan yang sedang melakukan reorganisasi dimana posisi financial dari perusahaan penerbit dalam keadaan lemah.

Installment bond
Merupakan obligasi yang pelunasannya dilakukan dengan cara angsuran dalam jangka waktu tertentu.

Interchangeable Bond
Merupakan suatu obligasi dimana pemegangnya dapat memintakan perubahan dari suatu kupon bond menjadi registered bond dan sebaliknya.

Interest Bond
Suatu jenis obligasi yang diterbitkan sebagai gantii bunga atas obligasi yang lain apabila tidak tersedianya uang tunai untuk pembayaran bunga tersebut.

Interest Bearing Bond
Obligasi jangka pendek yang bunganya dapat dibayar pada hari jatuh temponya.

Interim Bond
Penerbitan suatu sertifikat sementara yang dikeluarkan sebelum dikeluarkannya suatu obligasi. Sertifikat tersebut nantinya akan diperturkarkan dengan obligasi setelah obligasi tersebut diterbitkan.

International Bond (foreign bond)
Obligation yang diterbitkan di Negara yang bukan Negara issuer. Di US- Yankee Bond, Jepang- Samurai Bond, Inggris- Bulldog Bond, Belanda- Rembrandt Bond dan Spanyol- Matador Bond.

Joint Bond
Obligasi gabungan diterbitkan oleh 2 perusahaan atau lebih secara bersama-sama dan bertanggung jawab bersama-sama pula atas pembayaran kembali hutang pokok dan bunganya. Misalnya jika dua perusahaan memerlukan untk membeli sesuatu yang nantinya akan dipergunakan bersama-sama di antara kedua belah pihak tersebut.

Junior Lien Bond
Obligasi yang dijaminkan dengan lien, tetapu tingkat kedudukan lien tersebut lebih rendah dari kreditur lainnya yang juga menggunakan barang jaminan yang sama.

Junk Bond (Low Rate Bond)
Obligasi yang mempunyai rangking sangat rendah yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yagn disebut “malaikat sakit” yaitu perusahaan yang mempunyai kinekerja dan catatan keuangan masa lampau yang baik, tetapi sekarang sedang dililit hutang. Karena diberikan tingkat suku bunga yang sangat tinggi, maka obligasi ini sangat bersifat spekulatif.

Legal Tender Bond
Suatu obligasi yang telah ditentukan dapat dibayar dengan setiap alat pembayaran yang sah.

Liberty Bond
Bond2 yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah US sekitar tahun 1917 dengan tujuan untk membiayai pengeluaran-pengeluaran perang dunia pertama.

Matured Bond
Suatu obligasi yang hutang pokoknya sudah harus dibayar pada saat jatuh tempo dari obligasi tersebut.

Mortgage Bond
Suatu obligasi yang dijamin oleh suatu hak tanggungan/ hipotik atas asset si penerbit. Biasanya asset yang dijaminkan tersebut ditahan atau disimpan oleh suatu trustee untuk kepentingan para pemegang obligasi.

Municipal Bond
Obligasi yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah daerah dengan jaminannya berupa pendapatan daerah seperti pajak daerah, cukai dan lain lain.

Negotiable Bond
Suatu obligasi yang dapat diperdagangkan dan hutang pokok dan bunganya dapat dibayar baik terhadap pemegang yang namanya disebut pada obligasi tersebut atau kepada orang lain/ kepada siapa telah dipindahkan haknya dengan endorsemen.

Non callable bond
Obligasi yang tidak boleh ditebus pembayaran hutang pokoknya sampai dengan saat jatuh tempo.

Non interest bearing bond (surety bond)
Suatu jenis obligasi yang tidak menyediakan bunga atau diskon.

Non negotiable bond
Obligasi yang tidak diperdagangka, hanya kepada orang yagn disebut namanya pada obligasi tersebut.

Optional Bond
Merupakan obligasi yang dapat ditebus setiap saat oleh penerbitnya (callable bond).

Original Issue Discount Bonds (OID)
Obligasi dengan potongan (diskonto) yang dijual dengan diskon yang sangat tinggi. Misalnya obligasi dengan nilai nominal Rp 11.000,00 dengan suku bunga 5% dengan waktu jatuh tempo misalnya 10 tahun, dijual dengan harga Rp 6000,00.

Participating Bond (profit sharing bond)
Kepada pemegang bond disamping diberikan bunga, juga diberikan kesempatan untuk mengambil bagian tertentu dari keuntungan perusahaan. Kadang-kadang diberikan juga hak suara dalam perusahaan penerbit obligasi.

Passive Bond
Suatu jenis obligasi yang tidak memperjanjikan bunga tetapi kepada pemiliknya hanya diberikan bagian dari keuntungan perusahaan penerbit.

Plain bond= plain vanilla bond= debenture bond

Preference bond= income bond

Prior Lien Bond
Suatu jenis obligasi yang mempunyai tagihan yang didahulukan dari obligasi lain-lain atas harta-harta yang dijaminnya.

Profit Sharing Bond (participating bond)
Obligasi memberikan bunga tertentu juga kepada pemegangnya diberikan bagian dari untung perusahaan penerbit.

Rail Bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan- perusahaan kereta api.

Real Estate Bond
Obligasi yang pembayarannya dijamin sepenuhnya dengan tanah-tanah milik perusahaan penerbit.

Redeemable Bond= callable bond

Refunding bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan baik untuk menggantikan obligasi yang sudah ada (biasanya dengan tingkat suku bunga yang lebih rendah) atau obligasi yang diterbitkan semata-mata dalam rangka membayar kembali hutang-hutang.
Registered bond
Obligasi yang terdaftar atas nama pemegangnya dalam buku perusahaan dan pada sertifikat obligasi itu sendiri.

Renewal Bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan untuk memperbaharui atau menarik kembali obligasi yang sudah beredar.

Respondentia Bond (botommry bond)
Obligasi yang dijamin dengan kapal dan utnuk keperluan kapal tersebut. Hanya saja dalam respondentia bond barang jaminan tidak hanya kapal tersebut, tapi juga muatannya.

Revenue bond
Suatu obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah dan dijamin oleh penerimaan-penerimaan pemerintah melalui pajak.

Secured bond
Obligasi yang dijamin secara kebendaan misalnya dengan hak tanggungan/ hipotik.

Semi Government Bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang didalamnya ada saham pemerintah.

Serial Bond (cf installment bond)
Obligasi yang diterbitkan secara berseri yang masing –masing seri mempunyai tanggal jatuh tempo yang berbeda-beda.

Sinking Fund Bond
Obligasi yang mempersyaratkan bahwa jumlah atau bagian tertentu dari pendapatan akan dimasukkan dalam suatu sinking fund, fund mana akan dipergunakan untk menebus obligasi tersebut.

Stripped bond
Sama dengan obligasi konversi yaitu kepada pemegangnya diberi hak opsi untuk menukarkannya dengan saham perusahaan penerbit obligasi. Sebab pada stripped bond, hak opsi terpisah dengan obligasi pokoknya sehingga hak opsi tersebut dapat diperdagangkan secara terpisah.

Temporary Bond (Interim Bond)

Terminal Bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan guna membiayai stasiun truk, kereta api ataupun pelabuhan udara.

Sterling Bond
Obligasi yang hanya dapat dibayar hutang pokok dan bunganya dalam mata uang pound sterling

Tax bond
Suatu obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah dimana pihak pembelinya mempunyai kewajiban pembayaran pajak sehingga pembelian bond dari pemerintah tersebut mendahului pembayaran pajak dan pembelian bond tersebut dapat dianggap sebagai pembayaran pajaknya.

Tax Exempt Bond
Obligasi yang dibebaskan dari pajak atas bunga.

Treasury bond
Obligasi yang dikeluarkan oleh State Treasury, atau suatu obligasi yang telah dibeli kembali oleh perusahaan penerbitnya dan dimasukkan dalam perbendaharaannya. Tujuannya bisa untuk dijual kembali di suatu masa, ataupun sekedar menghindari membayar bunga pada saat jatuh tempo nanti.

Underlying bond
Obligasi yang dijamin oleh suatu hipotik yang derajatnya lebih tinggi dan harus didahulukan dan hipotik2 lainnya.

Unified bond= consolidated bond

Variable rate bond
Obligasi yang tingkat suku bunganya bervariasi. Misalnya PLN pernah menerbitkan obligasi dengan memberikan bunga tetap sebesar 19.5 % per tahun selama 6 bulan pertama, tetapi sesudah itu bunga diberikan dalam bentuk floating sebesar 0,975% di atas rata-rata bank pemerintah.

Voting bond
Obligasi yang memberikan hak suara kepada pemegangnya untuk memilih direksi baru apabila bunganya tidak dibayar dalam jangka waktu tertentu.

Zero Coupun Bond (discount bond)
Obligasi yang tidak memberikan bunga kepada pemegangnya, melainkan penjualan pertamanya dijual di bawah harga nominal.

HUKUM TENTANG PENERBITAN DERIVATIF DI PASAR MODAL

Derivatif adalah merupakan produk-produk yang berasal atau berhubungan (derive) dari atau dengan efek2 lain yang merupakan efek utama seperti saham atau obligasi. Fungsi (2): mengamankan kewajibannya dari fluktuasi suku bunga, dan sebagai sarana untuk investasi dan sekaligus merupakan ajang untukberspekulasi.

a. Right Issue adalah pengisuan saham dengan memberikan hak kepada pemegang saham lama untuk membeli terlebih dulu sejumlah saham yang secara proposional menjadi haknya pada harga (exercise prise= subscription price) yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya (in casu lebih rendah dari harga pasar) selama periode tertentu dalam jangka pendek.

Misalkan PT ABC ingin melakukan right issue dimana kepada setiap pemilik 5 saham lama diberikan 1 saham baru dengan harga pelaksanaannya Rp 2000.00 per saham. Katakanlah kurs saham PT ABC yang tercatat di Bursa Efek pada saat diumumkannya right issue (periode cum right) adalah Rp. 6200.00 maka besarnya harga right dihitung sbb:

HP = Pc (Harga saham di bursa saat periode cum right –Ps (harga saham)
N (Jumlah saham lama yang diperlukan untuk 1 saham baru +1

6200-2000 = 4200 = 700
5+1 6
Right of issue berbeda dengan saham bonus maupun dividen. Pemegang saham lama hanya diberikan hak (bukan kewajiban) untuk membeli atau tidak saham baru yang dikeluarkan oleh emiten. Dividen diberikan kepada pemegang saham lama.

b. Option: suatu privilesa atau hak istimewa utnuk membeli atau menjual menerima atau menyerahkan harta benda yang diberikan sesuai dengan syarat syarat yang telah disetujui dan biasanya dengan suatu ganti rugi atau harga. Objek dari barang barang tersebut misalnya saham, obligasi, barang-barang komoditi, valas, metal, selisih suku bunga dan lain-lain.

Harga yang ditentukan sebelumnya itu sering disebut dengan exercise prise atau contract price ataupun striking price. Bagi pembeli yang berantisipasi bahwa harga saham tertentu akan naik secara drastic, maka call option cukup menjanjikan suatu keuntungan.

Sementara yang dimaksud dengan put option adalah suatu kontrak yang memberikan hak untuk menjual sejumlah saham tertentu pada suatu waktu tertentu dengan harga tertentu pula. Mereka yang menjual call option ataupun put option disebut writer.

c. Warrant: merupakan suatu opsi untuk membeli sejumlah tertentu financial instrument pada suatu waktu tertentu dengan harga tertentu.
Biasanya dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan yang mengisukan optioned stock, tidak dikeluarkan oleh pihak externak perusahaan. Biasanya merupakan sebuah sweetening action.

Covered warrant: suatu jenis warrant yang penerbitnya sudah dijamin oleh sejumlah saham tertentu yang telah ditempatkan pada trustee dimana melalui covered warrant ini seorang pemegang saham dapat menawarkan kepemilikan saham yang telah dimilikinya setelah beberapa waktu tertentu.

d. Sekuritas Credit; salah satu jenis pengakuan hutang jangka menengah (biasanya 3 tahun) yang diterbitkan oleh sebuah perusahaan. Dasar hukumnya sama dengan ketentuan yang berlaku untuk suatu obligasi, commercial paper dll.

HUKUM TENTANG FRANCHISE

2009-02-23T06:01:00.000+07:00

Pengertian franchise (dictionary of business terms):
1. Suatu izin yang diberikan oleh sebuah prusahaan (franshisor) kepada seorang atau kepada suatu perusahaan (franchisee) untuk mengoperasikan suatu retail, makanan atau supermarket dimana pihak franchisee setuju untuk menggunakan milik franchisor berupa nama, produk, servis, promosi, penjualan, distribusi, metode untuk display dll company support.
2. Hak untuk memasarkan barang-barang atau jasa perusahaan (co’s goods and services) dalam suatu wilayah tertentu, hak tersebut telah diberikan oleh perusahaan kepada seorang individu, kelompok individu, kelompok marketing, pengecer atau grosir.
3. Franchise adalah hubungan kemitraan antara usahawan yang usahanya kuat dan sukses dengan usahawan yang relative baru atau lemah dalam usaha tersebut dengan tujuan saling menguntungkan, khususnya dalam bidang usaha penyediaan produk dan jasa langsung kepada konsumen.

Unsur-unsur yang harus dimiliki sebuah franchise:
1. Adanya minimal 2 pihak, yaitu pihak franchisor dan pihak dranchisee. Pihak franshisor sebagai pihak yang memberikan franchise sementara pihak franshisee merupakan pihak yang diberikan/ menerima franshise tersebut;
2. Adanya penawaran paket usaha dari franchisor,
3. Adanya kerja sama pengelolaan unit usaha antara pihak franchisor dengan pihak franchisee,
4. Dipunyaianya unit usaha tertentu (outlet) oleh pihak franchisee yang akan memamfaatkan paket usaha miliknya pihak franchisor,
5. Seringkali terdapat kontrak tertulis antara pihak franchisor dan pihak franchisee.

20 kategori usaha yang sering atau pernah menjadi objek bisnis franchise:
1. Bidang usaha makanan:
• Restoran,
• Makanan siap hidang,
• Makanan ringan (es krim, yogurt, baked goods, donat, pastry)
• Makanan khusus (speciality foods)
2. Jasa konsultan dan keperluan bisnis
• Aneka jasa konsultan (business aids and services)
• Jasa pencarian dan penempatan tenaga kerja (employment services)
• Periklanan dan direct mail
3. Jasa pemeliharaan, perbaikan dan kebersihan
• Pemeliharaan dan perbaikan gedung dan rumah (maintenance, cleanding and sanitation)
• Jasa kebersihan gedung dan rumah (janitorial, maid and personal services)
• Jasa pertamanan (lawn garden, agricultural supplies and services)
4. Jasa pialang pembelian rumah dan penyewaan property,
5. Jasa penjualan, pemeliharaan dan reparasi kendaraan bermotor.
6. Toko pengecer keperluan pribadi dan rumah tangga:
• Toko pengecer barang khusus (speciality retail stores)
• Toko keperluan sehari-hari (convenience store)
• Toko pakaian dan sepatu.

7. Hotel dan tempat penginapan
8. Kontraktor perumahan dan tempat komercial
9. Percetakan dan fotocopy
10. Penjualan dan pemeliharaan perabot rumah tangga seperti home furnishing, retail and repair services)
11. Penyewaan mobil dan truck
12. Rekreasi
• Exercise, sports, entertainment and services
• Penyewaan video, audio products and services
13. Penjualan computer dan electronic
14. Jasa dan produk pemeliharaan kesehatan
15. Biro perjalanan
16. Produk dan jasa pendidikan (health aids products and services)
17. Jasa pengepakan dan pengiriman (package preparation/ shipment/ mail services)
18. Salon rambut dan kecantikan,
19. Binatu (laundry and dry cleaning)
20. Jasa untuk anak (children services)

KEUNTUNGAN DAN KERUGIAN FRANCHISE DARI MATA FRANCHISEE

Keuntungan:
1. Kurangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan dari pihak franchisee dapat ditanggulangi dengan program-program pelatihan yang disediakan oleh pihak franchisor,
2. Karena pihak franchisee pada prinsipnya memiliki bisnisnya sendiri sebagai franchisee (yang hanya terikat kontrak dengan pihak franchisor), maka dia mempunyai insentif yang besar untuk berusaha sekuat tenaga untuk dapat memajukan bisnisnya itu di samping mendapat bantuan dan bimbingan yang terus menerus dari pihak franchisor.
3. Terdapat keuntungan bagi franshisee yang langsung dapat berbinis di bawah nama besar dan terkenal pihak franchisor,
4. Dibandingkan dengan apabila franshisee berbisnis secara biasa, maka dengan berbisnis secara franchise, pihak franchisee dapat menghemat cost dan permodalan diperlukan. Hal ini dikarenakan operasi percobaan yang telah dilakukan oleh pihak franchisor sudah menemukan sisteman yang efektid tapi paling irit biaya,
5. Seringkali pihak franchisee menerima juga bantuan-bantuan berikut ini:
a. Penyeleksian tempat,
b. Persiapan rencana perbaikan model gedung sehingga sesuai dengan rencana tata kota atau ketentuan lainnya yang berlaku,
c. Perolehan dana untuk sebahagian biaya akuisisi dari bisnis yang difranchisekan,
d. Pelatihan staff,
e. Pembelian peralatan,
f. Seleksi dan pembelian suku cadang,
g. Bantuan pembukaan bisnis dan menjalankannya dengan lancer.

6. Keuntungan atas adanya iklan bersama secara meluas,
7. Keuntungan bagi franchisee dari adanya daya beli yang besar dan negosiasi yang dilakukan pihak franchisor atas nama seluruh jaringan franchisee,
8. Adanya akses bagi pihak franchisee untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan dan skill khusus dari pihak franchisor,
9. Risiko dalam bisnis franchise umumnya kecil dibandingkan dengan bisnis bisnis model lainnya,
10. Franchise mendapatkan hak untuk menggunakan merek dagang, paten, hak cipta, rahasia dagang, serta proses, formula dn resep rahasia milik franchisor,
11. Franchisee memperoleh jasa-jasa dari staff lapangan pihak franchisor,
12. Franchisee mengambil mamfaat dari hasil riset yang dilakukan secara terus-menerus oleh franchisor, sehingga dapat memperkuat daya saing.
13. Informasi dan pengalaman dari seluruh jaraingan franchisee yang ada lewat franchisor dapat disebarkan ke seluruh jaringan yang ada.
14. Seringkali terdapat jaminan exclusivitas bagi franchisee untuk bergerak dalam usaha yang bersangkutan dalam sesuatu territorial tertentu.
15. Lebih mudah bagi franchisee utnuk memperoleh dana dari penyandang dana karena nama besar dan keberhasilan dari pihak franchisor.

Kerugian:
1. Kontrol yang besar oleh pihak franchisor terhadao pihak frnchisee menyebabkan pihak franchisee hilang kemandiriannya;
2. Pihak franchisee harus membayar berbagai macam fee kepada pihak franchisor, yang terms and conditionsnya therefore harus jelas dan dinegosiasi siapa yang harus memikul biaya tersebut:
a. Royalty; pembayaran oleh pihak franchisee kepada pihak franchisor sebagai imbalan dari pemakaian hak franchise oleh franchisee.
b. Franchise fee: biasanya dilakukan sekali saja dan dengan jumlah tertentu pada saat penandatangan akte franchise,
c. Direct expenses: Biaya langsung yang harus dikeluarkan sehubungan dengan pembukaan/ pengembangan suatu bisnis franchise seperti biaya pemodokan pihak yang akan menjadi pelatih dan feenya, biaya pelatihan dan biaya pada saat pembukaan;
d. Biaya sewa: apabila franchisor menyediakan tempat bisnis,
e. Marketing dan advertising fees; Karena franchisor yang melakukan marketing dan iklan, maka pihak franchisee mesti juga ikut menanggung beban biaya tersebut dengan menghitungnya baik secara persentase dari omset penjualan ataupun jika ada marketing atau iklan tertentu.
f. Assignment fees; biaya yang harus dibayar oleh pihak franchisee kepada pihak franchisor jika pihak franchisee tersebut mengalihkan bisnisnya kepada pihak lain biasanya untuk kepentingan persiapan pembuatan perjanjian penyerahan, pelatihan pemegang franchise yang baru dsb.
3. Kesukaran dalam menilai kualitas franchisor;
4. Biasanya kontrak franchise berisikan juga pembatasan-pembatasan terhadap bisnis franchise dan riang gerak dari pihak franchisor,
5. Kebijakan-kebijakan pihak franchisor tidak selamanya berkenaan di hati pihak franchisee,
6. Franchisor bisa jadi membuat kesalahan dalam kebijakannya,
7. Turunnya reputasi dan citra dari merek bisnis franchisor karena alasan yang tidak terduga-duga sebelumnya.

KEUNTUNGAN DAN KERUGIAN DARI KACAMATA FRANCHISOR

Keuntungan:
1. Usahanya dapat cepat berkembang tetapi dengan menggunakan modal dan motivasi dari pihak franchisee,
2. Mudahnya dikembangkan suatu pasar baru atau perluasan wilayah baru karena nama franchisor yang sudah terkenal itu,
3. Franchisee akan memiliki motivasi yang kuat untuk mengembangkan bisnis franchise, karena dia memiliki bisnisnya sendiri.
4. Kecilnya modal untuk memperluas usaha karna sebahagian besar modal ditanggung oleh pihak franchisee
5. Jumlah karyawan dari pihak franchisor relative lebih sedikit,
6. Setiap kali dibuka unit franchise yang baru, biasanya daya beli kelompok usaha relative meningkat,
7. Banyak dana dapat dihemat karena adanya promosi dan pelayanan bersama,
8. Return on investment cukup tinggi, terutama setelah tahun kedua dan ketiga.

Kerugian:
1. Franchisor tidak gampang mendikte franchisee, sehingga tidak gampang baginya untuk mengadakan perubahan atau inovasi bisnis yang baru,
2. Timbul kesulitan bagi franchisor dikarenakan biasanya terdapat harapan yang terlalu tinggi bagi pihak franchisee yakin untuk mendapat keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya dalam waktu yang sesingkat-singkatnya.
3. Jika ada kenaikan dari segi biaya, biasanya pihak franchisor tidak mudah untuk meyakinkan pihak franchisee,
4. Bisa bisa menghancurkan reputasi dari pihak franchisor jika pihak franchisee ternyata dipilih secara tidak tepat.
5. Mengingat ikatan franchise biasanya untuk jangka waktu yang lama, maka apabila pihak franchisor ingin mengakhiri perjanjian franchise secara sepihak, misalnya karena ada kejadian yang tak terantisipasi, tidak gampang diakhiri kontrak franchise tersebut tampa alasan-alasan yang sah.

DASAR HUKUM FRANCHISE

1. Perjanjian sebagai dasar hukum KUH Perdata pasal 1338 (1), 1233 s/d 1456 KUH Perdata; para pihak bebas melakukan apapun sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan hukum yang berlaku, kebiasan, kesopanan atau hal-hal lain yang berhubungan dengan ketertiban umum, juga tentang syarat-syarat sahnya perjanjian dsb.

2. Hukum keagenan sebagai dasar hukum; KUH Dagang (Makelar & Komisioner), ketentuan-ketentuan yang bersifat administrative seperti berbagai ketentuan dari Departemen Perindustrian, Perdagangan dsb. Seringkali ditentukan dengan tegas dalam kontrak franchise bahwa di antara pihak franchisor dengan franchisee tidak ada suatu hubungan keagenan.

3. Undang-undang Merek, Paten dan Hak Cipta sebagai dasar hukum; berhubung ikut terlibatnya merek dagang dan logo milik pihak franchisor dalam suatu bisnis franchise, apalagi dimungkinkan adanya suatu penemuan baru oleh pihak franchisor, penemuan dimana dapat dipatenkan. UU No.19 (1992) Merek, UU No 6 (1982) Paten, UU No.7 (1987) Hak Cipta.

4. UU Penanaman Modal Asing sebagai dasar hukum; Apabila pihak franchisor akan membuka outlet di suatu Negara yang bukan negaranya pihak franchisor tersebut maka sebaiknya dikonsultasi dahulu kepada ahli hukum penanaman modal asing tentang berbagai kemungkinana dan alternative yang mungkin diambil dan yang paling menguntungkannya. Franchise justru dipilih untuk mengelak dari larangan-larangan tertentu bagi suatu perusahaan asing ketika hendak beroperasi lewat direct investment.

5. Peraturan lain lain sebagai dasar hukum;

a. Ketentuan hukum administrative, seperti mengenai perizinan usaha, pendirian perseroan terbatas, dll peraturan administrasi yang umumnya dikeluarkan oleh Departmen Perdagangan. Kepmen Perdagangan No 376/Kp/XI/1983 tentang kegiatan perdagangan.
b. Ketentuan Ketenagakerjaan,
c. Hukum Perusahaan (UU PT No 1 (1995)),
d. Hukum pajak- adakah pajak ganda, pajak penghasilan, pajak pertambahan nilai, pajak withholding atas royalty dan pajak penghasilan atas tenaga kerja asing.
e. Hukum persaingan,
f. Hukum industri bidang tertentu misalnya aturan tentang standar mutu, kebersihan dan aturan lain lain yang bertujuan melindungi konsumen, atau bahkan UU pangan sendiri.
g. Hukum tentang kepemilikan- hak guna bangunan, hak milik, etc.
h. Hukum tentang pertukaran mata uang- RI menganut rezim devisa bebas, maka tidak ada larangan maupun batasan terhadap keluar masuknya valuta asing dari/ke Indonesia.
i. Hukum tentang rencana tata ruang; apakah wilayah tersebut memungkinkan dibukannya sebuah franchise, kualitas bahan untuk gedung tersebut memenuhi syarat? Etc etc.
j. Hukum tentang pengawasan ekspor/ impor misalnya dalam hal pengambilan keputusan apakah barang barang tertentu mesti dibawa dari Negara pihak franchisor atau cukup diambil saja dari Negara pihak franchisee.
k. Hukum tentang bea cukai- apakah lebih menguntungkan barang-barang tertentu dipasok dari luar negeri atau cukup menghandalkan produk local semata.

SISTEM DOKUMENTASI DALAM BISNIS FRANCHISE

1. DOKUMENTASI PENDAHULUAN;
2. DOKUMENTASI POKOK;
3. DOKUMENTASI TAMBAHAN

A. Dokumentasi pendahuluan
I. Franchisor
a. Operational Perusahaan
i. Produk atau servis yang ditawarkan kepada public
ii. Kekhasan produk atau servis
iii. Pasar di negeri franchisor
b. Sejarah Perusahaan
i. Lamanya beroperasi
ii. Perkembangan sistem franchise
iii. Jumlah franchise dalam jariangannya.
c. Program Ekspansi Luar Negeri
i. Perkembangannya sampai saat ini,
ii. Kepentingannya di Negara franchisee.
II. Sistem Pendistribusion suatu Franchise
a. Peranannya dalam perekonomian di Negara franchisor;
i. Persentasenya dalam Gross National Product,
ii. Posisi dari produk dan servis dari franchise,
iii. Jumlah franchisee saat ini
b. Sejarah singkat
i. Penggunaannya di dalam industri-industri besar (distribusi mobil, distribusi petroleum, pembotolan minuman ringan)
ii. Booming franchise,
iii. Expansi international
c. Pengertian Franchise
d. Fungsi dari kontrak franchise
III. DRAFT KONTRAK FRANCHISE
IV. TENTANG HUKUM ASING MENGENAI FRANCHISE
a. Merek Dagang dan Merek Servis (Service Mark)
i. Perbedaan status dari merek servis
ii. Syarat “penggunaan”
iii. Prosedur registrasi
iv. Retriksi terhadap lisensi,
v. Siapa yang berhak mendaftar,
vi. Hak berdasarkan lisensi
vii. Kontrak tunggal atau ganda
viii. Kontrol kualitas
ix. Ketentuan traktat international yang relevant,
b. Peraturan dan izin dari pemerintah
i. Peraturan tentang investasi di bidang yang bersangkutan
ii. Izin-izin dari pemerintah (jika ada):
1. Persyaratannya
2. Biaya
3. Yudiriksi dari agency pemerintah,
4. Prosedur
5. Jangka waktu
iii. Franchise sebagai suatu security
iv. Pembatasan terhadap borrowings
c. Pengawasan Devisa
i. Pengaruhnya terhadap penerimaan franchisor,
1. Franchisee fee
2. Royalties
3. Fee untuk pelaksanaan servis
4. Pembayaran kembali pinjaman
ii. Remisi dari keuntungan
d. Sumber daya manusia
i. Pengaturan tentang jam kerja, upah dan pemutusan hubungan kerja,
ii. Yudiriksi dari Agency pemerintah
iii. Trade unions
iv. Tunjangan-tunjangan wajib kepada pekerja
e. Pengaturan tentang persaingan
i. Teritorial yang ekslusive
ii. Penetapan harga
iii. Tying arrangements
iv. Persaingan tidak fair
v. Klasula yang membatasi atau klasula “not to compete”
1. Kekuatan berlakunya
2. Pembatasannya.
f. Pengawasan impor dan bea cukai
i. Rate yang dapat diterapkan
ii. Metode penilaian
iii. Izin-izin yang diperlukan
iv. Impor modal
v. Eksemsi dan preferensial treatment
g. Insentif buat penanaman modal asing
i. Pinjaman, garansi dll bantuan financial
ii. Kemudahan pajak.
iii. Yudiriksi agency pemerintah
iv. Prosedur
v. Jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan
h. Hubungan Kontraktual
i. Formalitas
ii. Recordasi
iii. Restraints on alienation
iv. Bahasa yang disyaratkan
i. Agency
i. Unsur-unsur hubungan keagenan
ii. Kemungkinan karakterisasi hubungan franchise:
1. implikasi
2. alternative
3. kemungkinan tanggung jawab franchisor terhadap suatu perbuatan melawan hukum dan atau kontrak yang dibuat oleh franchisee.
j. Terminasi
i. Restriksi
ii. Pemberitahuan dan atau prosedur lain yang diperlukan
iii. Ganti rugi yang diperlukan
1. Dasar hukum
2. Method of determination
iv. Pembaharuan dan kegagalan untuk memperbaharui
v. Alternatif seperti yang dilakukan di Negara Negara lain
1. keuntungan
2. kerugian
k. Bentuk organisasi Bisnis:
i. Lisensi langsung kepada franchisee oleh franchisor,
ii. Perusahaan holding
iii. Cabang perusahaan asing:
1. Persyaratan kualifikasi dan otorisasi;
2. Perluasan terhadap submisi untuk suatu yurisdiksi;
3. Persyaratan modal
4. Persyaratan pelaporan
5. Representatif local
6. Izin-izin
7. Perluasan tanggung jawab
a. Perusahaan franchisor
b. Officer dan pekerja non resident
c. Representative local
8. Sebagai alternative terhadap subsidiary
a. Keuntungan terhadap principal
b. Kerugiannya terhadap principal
iv. Subsidary
1. Persyaratan dan prosedur terhadap incooperation
2. Jangka waktu
3. Persyaratan modal
4. Persyaratan terhadap proporsi kepemilikan saham oleh pihak domestic
5. Pembatasan terhadap pengalihan saham
6. Hak, persyaratan dan tanggung jawab dari:
a. Direksi
b. Officers
c. Pemegang saham
d. Para pendiri
e. Para pekerja
7. Distribusi
8. Reinvestasi dari keuntungan
9. Aturan tentang fiscal
10. Inspeksi dari pemerintah
11. Perseroan terbatas
12. Masalah perpajakan
a. Umum
i. Penerapan withholding terhadap pembayaran franchise fee, royalty, interest terhadap non resident,
ii. Perjanjian bilateral antarnegara
iii. Kemungkinan pembebasan pajak
iv. Ketersediaan dan syarat2 loss carry forward and carry back,
v. Ketersediaan deduksi terhadap pembayaran kepada non resident
vi. Income yang tidak kena pajak
vii. Pajak daerah
viii. Pengkreditan terhadap pajak daerah
ix. Pajak pendapatan terhadap orang asing
x. Bea pendaftaran dan meterai
xi. Pajak excise dan penjualan
xii. Determinasi terhadap income wajib pajak
xiii. Persyaratan pelaporan
b. Lisensi langsung
i. Withholding rate terhadap royalty
ii. Inklusi sebagai royalty dari franchise fee dan fee pelayanan yang continue,
iii. Rate dari perjanjian bilateral
iv. Deduksi dari pengeluaran yang relevant yang terjadi di luar negeri
v. Meminimalkan konsekuensi pelaksanaan bisnis dan permanent establishment.
c. Cabang
i. Pajak withholding atau pajak pendapatan terhadap remisi keuntungan cabang kepada perusahaan induk asing
ii. Alokasi pendapatan cabang
iii. Persyaratan kontribusi modal
iv. Perbedaan rate yang diberlakukan terhadap cang dengan badan hukum local
d. Subsidary
i. Rate withholding untuk dividen, bunga, royalty, dsb dan preferential treaty rates
ii. Retriksi thp deductibilitas dari royalty yang dibayar kepada perusahaan asing yang ada kaitannya,
iii. Pajak terhadap modal
iv. Undustributed profits tax
v. Rate dan metode depresiasi
13. Penyelesaian sengketa
a. Pilihan Hukum
i. Hukum di Negara franchisor
1. keuntungan
2. kerugian
ii. Hukum di Negara Franchisee
b. Ketersediaan Summary Remedies
c. Specific Performance
d. Damages
e. Arbitrase
i. Kekuatan berlakukanya
ii. Keuntungan
iii. Kerugian.

*Biasanya ada Memorandum of Understanding yang mengandung prinsip2 pokok saja.

DOKUMENTASI POKOK
1. Franchise Grant
Franchise grant berisikan penentuan pemberian hak franchise oleh pihak franchisor kepada pihak franchisee. Juga dirincikan hak hak yang boleh digunakan oleh pihak franchisee seperti hak merek dagang, merek jasa, paten, hak cipta, trade secret knowhow dsb.

2. Franchise Payment
Mengandung seluruh pembayaran oleh pihak franchisee kepada pihak franchisor sebagai imbalan penggunaan hak-hak yang dimiliki oleh pihak franchisor:
a. Franchisee fee, seringkali diberikan sekaligus pada awalnya
b. Initial Assistance (training and services)
c. Biaya untuk grand opening advertising fund
d. Royalty, misalnya dibayar bulanan sekian persen dari omset,
e. Biaya promosi/ iklan.

Hal hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan dalam perhitungan pembayaran kepada franchisor adalah:
a. Sebaiknya untk pembayaran royalty, ada sistem rate mundur, dalam arti ada pengurangan rate jika volume bisnisnya meningkat. Juga patut dipertimbangkan pembayaran franchisee fee (start up fee) dibayar dalam 2 tahap, dimana tahap pertama dibayar pada waktu penandatangan kontrak franchise atau bahkan lebih awal yakni pada waktu tanda tangan Purchase Agreement sementara sebahagian lagi dibayar saat mulainya operasinya bisnis.
b. Royalty yang rendah biasanya dapat diimbangi dengan kenaikan franchisee fee dan atau memark up harga barang atau jasa yang harus dibeli oleh franchisee dari franchisor.
c. Perlu dipikirkan tentang pajak-pajak terhadap pembayaran royalty fee dan franchisee fee.
d. Jika ada bunga terhadap late payment, apakah rate tersebut reasonable?
e. Jika ada ceiling berupa minimum monthly payment, apakah fair?

3. Services by Franchisor
Perincian atas servis apa saja yang akan diberikan pihak franchisor kepada pihak franchisee selama berlangsungnya kontrak franchise, antara lain:
a. Advis, jasa konsultasi dan planning untuk standard specifikasi permulaan, terutama untuk bangunan, peralatan, furnishing, dekorasi, layout dan lain lain
b. Program pre-opening training
c. Program Opening promotion
d. Opening supervision
e. Resep-resep khusus misalnya resep makanan
f. Advis dan data hasil riset tentang iklan, marketing dan merchandising,
g. Manual terhadap standar dari policy dan operasi bisnis yang bersifat rahasia,
h. Pengontrolan biaya dan akutansi.

4. Exclusivity
Pihak franchisee diberikan hak yang eksclusif untuk beroperasi di dalam satu wilayah tertentu.

5. Term
Berapa lama hak franchise diberikan kepada franchisee; biasanya 5-7 tahun walaupun itu sangat tergantung pada jenis yang difanchisekan. Penting diperhitungkan bagi franchisee disini apakah hasil yang akan diterima dalam jangka waktu tersebut dapat sebanding dengan investment yang ditanam oleh franchisee termasuk untuk peralatan franchise atau bahkan franchise fee.

6. Premises
Biasanya ditentukan tentang disain yang tidak boleh diubah dan tempat tersebut hanya semata-mata dipergunakan untuk tujuan tersebut serta franchisee tidak boleh melakukan usaha franchise di tempat lain. Bahkan seringkali jika hukum disana memungkinkan, pihak franchisor sendirilah yang memiliki gedung tersebut yang kemudian disewakan kepada pihak franchisee. Atau bahkan pihak franchisor menyewa gedung dari pihak ketuga untuk kemudian di sublease kepada pihak franchisee, walaupun tidak tertutup kemungkinana pihak franchisee sendirilah yang memiliki atau menyewa langsung gedung tersebut dari pihak ketiga.

7. Training
Biasanya pihak franchisor mempunyai pusat-pusat pelatihan franchise, dimana dengan persetujuan franchisor, pihak franchisee dapat mengirimkan staffnya ke sana. Ditentukan dengan tegas siapa yang harus menanggung ongkos training tersebut, dan untuk berapa lama masa training tersebut.

8. Accounting procedures: Right of Audit
Pihak franchisee berkewajiban untuk memberikan laporan kepada franchisor, misalnya laporan bulanan tentang pernyataan untung atau rugi. Kewajiban memberitahu tentang neraca tahunan perusahaan juga harus dilakukan. The right of audit maksudnya bahwa pihak franchisor dapat sewaktu-waktu menyelidiki pembukuan dari pihak franchisee untuk memverikasi laporan laba rugi yang diberikan oleh pihak franchisee tersebut.

9. Standard and Uniformity of Operation
Biasanya ditentukan bahwa pihak franchisor dapat sewaktu-waktu dalam suatu jangka waktu yang reasonable untuk masuk dan mengadakan inspeksi dan pengetesan apakah standard tersebut benar benar diikuti oleh pihak franchisee. Misalnya yang harus diseragamkan adalah lokasi, disain bangunan gedung, papan nama dan tanda tanda, mesin mesin, furnishing, equipment, menu, dan servis (bagi took makanan) dan siapa supplier alternative selain dari pihak franchisor sendiri.

10. Non Competition
Pihak franchisee dilarang secara langsung atau tidak, untuk membuka bisnis lain yang sama atau mirip dengan bisnis franchise tersebut selama dan bahkan selama beberapa tahun setelah berakhirnya kontrak franchise tersebut selama dan bahkan selama beberapa tahun setelah berakhirnya kontrak franchise yang bersangkutan. Juga tidak dibernarkan untuk melakukan apa yang dapat dikategorikan sebagai persaingan tidak sehat.

11. Confidentiality
Ditentukan bahwa pihak franchisee dan staffnya tidak boleh membocorkan informasi yang termasuk ke dalam trade secret miliknya pihak franchisor kepada pihak lain manapun/ kapanpun.

12. Government Approvals
Setiap government approval biasanya menjadi kewajiban pihak franchisee untuk mengurusnya sekaligus menanggung biayanya. Jika hal ini tidak dilakukan, dianggap pihak franchisee telah melakukan default terhadap kontrak franchise tersebut.

13. Employees
Pihak franchisee adalah semata-mata merupakan karyawan dari pihak franchisee sendiri. Tidak ada sangkut-pautnya dengan pihak franchisor. Sehingga tidak ada tuntutan hukum apapun baik oleh pihak ketiga dalam hubungan dengan tindakan karyawan, maupun oleh karyawan itu sendiri yang dapat dialamatkan kepada pihak franchisor.

14. Insurance
Asuransi apa yang harus dimasuki oleh pihak franchisee dan dijamin untk jumlah berapa. Misalnya asuransi untk product liability, bodily injury liability, property damages liability, dsb. Pihak franchisor biasanya meminata agar dia diikutkan menjadi additional named insured di dalam polis.

15. Indemnification
Karena itu kepada pihak franchisee seringkali dimintakan agar menjamin (to indemnify) bahwa pihak franchisor tetap aman, terproteksi dan bebas dari segala macam tuntutan hukum tersebut.

16. Taxes
Bahwa seluruh pajak yang berkenaan dengan usaha franchise tersebut akan dipikul dan dibayar oleh pihak franchisee.

17. Assignment
Peralihan oleh franchisee terhadapnya haknya yang terbit dari kontrak franchise kepada pihak ketiga. Hak tersebut harus dengan izin tertulis dari pihak franchisor, atau kepada franchisor diberikan “hak tolak pertama” (right of refusal). Sementara itu biasanya ditentukan juga bahwa dalam hal kematian atau ketidakcakapan berbuat dari pihak franchisee, pihak franchisor harus memberi izin kepada pihak ahli waris atau yang berhak lainnya untuk meneruskan usaha franchise kecuali jika pihak ahli waris atau yang berwenang lainnya tersebut tidak memenuhi standard untuk menjalankan bisnis tersebut.

18. Limitations of Franchise
Berbagai batasan dalam hal digunakannya oleh pihak franchisee setiap merek dagang, merek servis, nama dagang, paten atau hak cipta miliknya franchisor. Selanjutnya ditegaskan juga bahwa pihak franchisor yang berhak atas hak milik intelektual tersebut, sementara pihak franchisee hanya diberi hak untuk menggunakannya saja.

19. No Agency
Ditentukan bahwa franchisee bukanlah agen dari pihak franchisor. Karenanya franchisee tidak dapat mewakili atau mengikat pihak franchisor dengan pihak ketiga. Setiap deal franchisee yang dilakukannya dengan pihak ketiga adalah menjadi tanggung jawabnya pihak franchisee sendiri.

20. Events of Default
Kejadian-kejadian yang dapat menyebabkan terjdinya wanprestasi oleh salah satu pihak, sehingga pihak lain dengan prosedur tertentu dapat memutuskan kontrak secara sepihak sesuai dengan pengaturan yang terdapat dalam kontrak yang bersangkutan:
a. Jika salah satu pihak bangkrut atau dilikuidasi;
b. Jika franchisee tidak membayar royalty atau kewajiban pembayaran lainnya pada waktunya atau jika dia tidak menyerahkan laporan keuangan sebagaimana layaknya,
c. Jika franchisee gagal dalam mempertahankan standar mutu produk
d. Jika salah satu pihak melanggar suatu ketentuan hukum yang berlaku,
e. Jika pihak franchisee berhenti melakukan bisnisnya atau wanprestasi terhadap perjanjian sewa tempat ataupun karena alasan apapun hilang haknya untuk berusaha di tempat tersebut.
f. Jika salah satu pihak melakukan pelanggaran salah satu dari ketentuan dalam kontrak, yang setelah diberi notice dalam waktu tertentu tidak memperbaikinya.

21. Termination
Tentang kapan putusnya suatu kontrak atau abgaimana jika salah satu pihak atau kedua belah pihak ingin memutuskan suatu kontrak. Misalnya, ditentukan berapa hari harus diberi notice. Jika berlaku hukum Indonesia, ditentukan juga bahwa 1 pihak dapat langsung memutuskan sendiri kontrak tersebut tampa lewat pengadilan (Pasal 1226 KUH Perdata)

Perhatian khusus terhadap pemutusan kontrak oleh pihak franchisee misalnya karena franchisee berhalangan sementara atau tetap, untung dari bisnis franchise ternyata sangat mengecewakan, apakah perlu pemberian sanksi bagi pihak yang memutus perjanjian. Juga jika perjanjian putus, apakah peralatan dapat dijual di pasaran, jika tidak maka dipertimbangkan kewajiban membeli peralatan dalam hal-hal tertentu oleh pihak franchisor dengan terms and conditions yang sudah terlebih dahulu ditetapkan. Di samping itu, perlu juga perhatian dalam hal-hal apa saja pihak franchisor dapat memutuskan kontrak franchise tersebut.

22. Choice of Jurisdiction
- Badan mana yang berwenang mengadili seandainya terjadi perselisihan di kemudian hari. Sebaiknya diberi kesempatan terlebih dahulu dalam jangka waktu tertentu keapda para pihak untuk menyelesaikannya sendiri sengketa tersebut. Jika gagal baru diserahkan ke badan-badan peradilan yang dipilih oleh kedua belah pihak. Dianjurkan sangat agar digunakan jalur arbitrasi karena berbagai kelebihan dari lembaga peradilan swasta ini.

23. Fasilitas tambahan (optional)
Misalnya ditentukan bahwa pihak franchisor mengelola sendiri atau menempati orang-orangnya lebih banyak di bisnis franchise di tahun tahun pertama, dengan deal pembagian keuntungan khusus. Atau sering juga ditentukan disini bahwa pihak franchisor akan menyediakan dana/ membantu franchisee dalam hal memperoleh dana yang dipergunakan sebagai modal kerjanya. Ataupun ditentukan bahwa pihak franchisor akan berusaha mendapatkan tempat usaha, dll kewajiban yang tidak mengikat.

24. Jaminan-jaminan Pihak ketiga
Perusahaan holding dari franchisee dimintakan untuk menjdi guarantor, terutama jika pihak franchisee belum diketahui bonafiditasnya. Kewajiban guarantor misalnya untuk menyediakan dana seandainya pihak franchisee berada dalam kekurangan dana. Disamping itu juga tentunya dapat dia menjadi guarantor terhadap hutang2 yang dibuat pihak franchisee.

25. Miscellaneous
Misalnya tentang interpretation, entire agreement, non waiver, governing law, severability, notices, modification, languages, dll.

DOKUMENTASI TAMBAHAN

1. Technical Assistance Agreement (Management Agreement)
Biasanya tidak terlalu kuat apabila hanya diatur dalam franchise agreement.

2. Loan Agreement
Khusus, seperti dokumen security (hipotik, kuasa jual, fidusia, pengakuan hutang, draft notice of drawdown, dll) Loan yang bersangkutan dapat diambil dari pihak ketiga, tetapi dalam beberapa kasus, pihal franchisor sendiri menyediakan fasilitas loan tersebut atau franchisor mengusahakan pemberian loan oleh pihak ketiga.

3. Site lease
Apabila dalam deal tersebut menyangkut juga dengan sewa-menyewa, maka diperlukan kontrak sewa-menyewa. Variasi lain adalah:
1. Pihak franchisor memiliki tempat sementara pihak franchisee menyewanya dari franchisor,
2. Pihak franchisor menyewa tempat dari pihak ketiga kemudian diassign atau sublease kepada franchisee,
3. Franchisee menyewa sendiri tempat tersebut dari pihak ketiga,
4. Pihak franchisee memiliki sendiri tempat yang bersangkutan.

4. Building Agreement
Siapa yang akan memiliki gedung tersebut untuk menentukan siapa yang memilih pihak pemborong. Tentu dengan spekulasi yang sudah ditentukan oleh pihak franchisor.

5. Area Development Agreement
Dimana pihak kontraktor (developer) membangun beberapa outlet sekaligus untuk kemudian diserahkan kepada pihak franchisor atau masing masing franchisee. Dengan sistem ini dapat dijamin keseragaman bentuk bagunan tempat bisnis franchise disamping dapat dengan cepat dan lebih mudah memperluas jaringan bisnis franchise yang bersangkutan.

6. Equipment Lease
Melakukan deal sewa atau leasing lazimnya dari pihak ketiga,a tau tentu boleh juga dari pihak franchisor. Untuk keperluan tersebut diperlukan suatu dokumen hukum yang disebut Equipment lease yang isinya tidak jauh berbeda dari deal sejenis untuk bisnis-bisnis lainnya.

Legal Matters In Indonesia

2009-01-31T09:27:00.000+07:00

"If people do not have access to the law, they cannot know their rights.
If people do not know their rights, they cannot demand the enforcement of their rights.
If people are not empowered to demand the enforcement of their rights, they will be exploited and abused by those with access to power over the law."

The rule of law in Indonesia is in the process of major reform. Corruption is certainly an important villain in the process of legal development. Another impediment to the development of the rule of law related to systemic barriers to access to regulatory promulgation's.

Regional government offices and courts outside of Jakarta normally experience significant inconvenience in attempting to access the tens of thousands of laws regulations, regulations and decisions in effect and governing our social interactions. It is no wonder that some judges and lawyers are prevented from engaging in pure application of legal analysis to factual situations due to the inability to find the law.

Most people don't realize the fact that the Indonesian government is an extremely adept instrument for the promulgation of laws and regulation. There is a tremendous amount of law on the books. Ana most of it is adequately written though sometimes requiring a bit of a torturous effort towards a reasonable interpretation. Nevertheless, the law is capable of serving its intended function if read and applied in good faith.

The Indonesian government has been making significant efforts to disseminate the law throughout the entire Indonesian archipelago. Given that the construction of law libraries throughout the entire Indonesian archipelago. Given that the construction of law libraries has probably been recognized to be beyond the budgetary needs of the Nation at this time, the government can be praised to some degree for the steps it has taken towards the development of web sited of various departments containing an ever growing quantity of download able laws and regulations.

Unfortunately Indonesia's low telephone density across the Nation and the number of those with access to telephone capable of carrying sufficient band width and clarity interconnect with the internet reduces the effectiveness of the government's internet law dissemination program even further. But that does not mean these government programs are misguided. In fact they are great steps for the Nation.

Although over the last few years the government has made great strides toward the provision of means to access the law, it is still necessary to visit relevant government departments and meet with government officials responsible in particular fields of interest to request assistance in obtaining relevant materials decrees and other promulgation's which govern legal relationships. Depending on the availability of officials, the accuracy and detail of answers provided is at times less than uniform and complete. Certainly more disturbing is the fact that access to governmental departments is still geographically limited to Jakarta, the Nations capital and the seat of government. This, for the more than two hundred million people living outside of the capital, reasonably efficient access tot he law is almost non-existent.

This is true not only for the ordinary citizen. It is also true for government officials including jurists residing outside of Jakarta. In my visits to regional government offices and to regional courts, the lack of legal materials relevant to even the most directly related aspects of official duties is alarming.

To perform their duties, government officials are required to exercise discretion which may not comport to the true intentions of legislative promulgation's.

The exercise of discretion in the darkness created by the norm of near complete lack of access to existing black letter law has led to the feeling among the general population that fairness and morality are corrupted. The victims of these circumstances are average citizens who are left feeling powerless to defend themselves through demands for enforcement of laws to which they have no access and thus of which they may have no knowledge.

Economic and legal experts unanimously agree that the number one problem for Indonesian socio-economic development is the need to strengthen the rule of law. Many feel that cries for strengthening of the rule of law have become nothing more than cliché.

It is probably safe to say that almost every international development institution with a presence in Indonesia is involved in at least one program designed to promote the rule of law. But, what tangible tool is placed in the common person's hands to empower the exercise of the human rights expected from a just civil society?

Black's Law Dictionary

2009-01-19T03:29:00.003+07:00

Black's Law Dictionary is the most widely-used law dictionary for the law of the United States. It was founded by Henry Campbell Black. It has been cited as legal authority in many Supreme Court cases (see Secondary authority). The latest editions, including abridged and pocket versions, are useful starting points for the layman or student when faced with an unfamiliar legal word. It is the reference of choice for definitions in legal briefs and court opinions.

History

The first edition was published in 1891, and the second edition in 1910, long before the first BIG edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed in 1928. The sixth and earlier editions of the book also provided case citations for the term cited, which some lawyers view as its most useful feature, providing a useful starting point with leading cases. The Internet made legal research easier than it ever had been, so many state- or circuit-specific case citations and outdated or overruled case citations were dropped from the seventh edition in 1999. The eighth edition introduced a unique system of perpetually updated case citations and cross-references to legal encyclopedias.

Because many legal terms are derived from a Latin root word, the Dictionary gives a pronunciation guide for such terms. In addition, the applicable entries provide pronunciation transcriptions pursuant to those found among North American practitioners of law or medicine.

Availability

An online version of the latest edition can be accessed through the paid Westlaw legal information service and as of late 2006, West Academic has published Black's Law Dictionary Digital, 8th edition (ISBN-13 9780314176103) which has toolbars that integrate with Microsoft Word, Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer. The second edition of Black's Law Dictionary (1910) is now in the public domain. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. has reprinted the first and second editions (ISBN 0-9630106-0-3 and ISBN 1-886363-10-2, respectively).

Bibliography

Bryan A. Garner, editor, Black's Law Dictionary 8th ed. (West Group, 2004) ISBN 0-314-15199-0.
Bryan A. Garner, editor, Black's Law Dictionary 7th ed. (West Group, 1999) ISBN 0-314-22864-0.
Black's Law Dictionary 6th ed. (West Publishing, 1990)
Black's Law Dictionary 5th ed. (West Publishing, 1979) ISBN 0-8299-2041-2.
Black's Law Dictionary, 4th ed. (St. Paul: West, 1951)
Black's Law dictionary, 3d ed. (West Publishing Co., 1933)
Bryan A. Garner, editor, Black's Law Dictionary 3d pocket ed. (West Group, 2006) ISBN 0-314-15862-6.
Bryan A. Garner, editor, Black's Law Dictionary 2d pocket ed. (West Group, 2001) ISBN 0-314-25791-8.
Black's Law Dictionary, 2d ed. (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing, 1910) ISBN 1-886363-10-2
Black's Law dictionary, 1st ed. (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing, 1891) ISBN 0-9630106-0-3

Bad Lawyer Jokes

2008-12-16T02:10:00.003+07:00

A 50-year-old lawyer who had been practicing since he was 25 years old died and arrived at the pearly gates of heaven. The lawyer said to St. Peter, "I am surprised I died so young. I was very active and always ate well. And I'm only 50 years old!"
St. Peter looked at his book and looked back down at the lawyer. "Fifty years old, you say? According to your billing records, you should be 83."
What's the difference between female prosecutors and terrorists?
. . . You can negotiate with terrorists.
The tooth fairy, an honest lawyer, and an expensive, dishonest lawyer are in the same room. There is a $500 bill on a table in the room. When they leave, the money is gone. Who took it?
. . . Since there is no such thing as the tooth fairy, the answer is obvious.
What can a goose do that a duck can't do that a lawyer won't do?
. . . Stick his bill up his ass.
What do you call parachuting lawyers?
. . . Skeet.
How do you greet a lawyer with an IQ of 50?
. . . "Good morning, your honor."
What do lawyers use for birth control?
. . . Their personalities.
Why does California have the most lawyers and New Jersey the most toxic waste dumps?
. . . New Jersey had first choice!
Why do pharmaceutical company laboratories now use lawyers rather than lab rats for testing?
. . . Lawyers breed faster, so there are more of them.
. . . Lab personnel don't get as emotionally attached to them.
. . . Lawyers do things rats won't.
. . . Animal protection groups don't get nearly as excited.
. . . Some people actually LIKE rats.
What's black and brown and looks good on a lawyer?
. . . Two dobermans!
What happens when a lawyer is made godfather?
. . . He makes you an offer you can't understand.
What's the difference between a lawyer and a snake run down on the highway?
. . . Skid marks in front of the snake.
What do you have when you have ten lawyers buried up to their necks in sand?
. . . Not enough sand!
What do you call 100 lawyers chained together at the bottom of the ocean?
. . . A good start.
How do you know when a lawyer is lying?
. . . Her lips are moving.
What's the difference between a poisonous snake and a lawyer?
. . . You can make a pet out of the snake.
What's the difference between a lawyer and a leech?
. . . The leech will let go and drop off after its victim dies.
What do lawyers and bullfrogs have in common?
. . . Both have a big head that consists mainly of mouth.
Why do they bury lawyers twelve feet deep?
. . . Because deep down, they are really good guys!
What do male lawyers and sperm have in common?
. . . Only one in two million do any real work!
How do you tell the difference between a lawyer and a catfish?
. . . One wallows in the mud and is a blood- sucking scavenger — the other is a fish!
Why don't lawyers go to the beach?
. . . Cats keep trying to bury them.
What's the definition of the term "flagrant waste"?
. . . That's a busload of lawyers going off the edge of a cliff with a vacant seat.
What's the difference between a porcupine and two lawyers in a Porsche?
. . . With a porcupine, the pricks are on the outside.
What do you get when you run an "honest lawyer" contest?
. . . No winners.
What do a baker and lawyer have in common?
. . . They both enjoy carving up the pie.
How do you get a lawyer out of a tree?
. . . Cut the rope.
How many lawyers can you put on the head of a pin?
. . . Ten, if you make them stand on their heads.
What's the difference between a vulture and a lawyer?
. . . The vulture doesn't take its wing tips off at night.
What's the difference between a vulture and a lawyer?
. . . The vulture doesn't get frequent flyer miles!

Q: How many lawyers does it take to change a light bulb?
A1: How many can you afford?
A2: Fifty-four. Eight to argue, one to get a continuance, one to object one to demur, two to research precedents, one to dictate a letter, one to stipulate, five to turn in their time cards, one to depose, one to write interrogatories, two to settle, one to order a secretary to change the bulb, and twenty-eight to bill for professional services.
A3: Such number as may be deemed to perform the stated task in a timely and efficient manner within the strictures of the following agreement:

Whereas the party of the first part, also known as "The Lawyer," and the party of the second part, also known as "The Light Bulb," do hereby and forthwith agree to a transaction wherein the party of the second part (Light Bulb) shall be removed from the current position as a result of failure to perform previously agreed upon duties, i.e., the lighting, elucidation, and otherwise illumination of the area ranging from the front (north) door, through the entry way, terminating at an area just inside the primary living area, demarcated by the beginning of the carpet, any spillover illumination being at the option of the party of the second part (Light Bulb) and not required by the aforementioned agreement be tween the parties.

The aforementioned removal transaction shall include, but not be limited to, the following steps:

1.) The party of the first part (Lawyer) shall, with or without elevation at his option, by means of a chair, stepstool, ladder or any other means of elevation, grasp the party of the second part (Light Bulb) and rotate the party of the second part (Light Bulb) in a counter-clockwise direction, said direction being non- negotiable. Said grasping and rotation of the party of the second part (Light Bulb) shall be undertaken by the party of the first part (Lawyer) with every possible caution by the party of the first part (Lawyer) to maintain the structural integrity of the party of the second part (Light Bulb), notwithstanding the aforementioned failure of the party of the second part (Light Bulb) to perform the aforementioned customary and agreed upon duties. The foregoing notwithstanding, however, both parties stipulate that structural failure of the party of the second part (Light Bulb) may be incidental to the aforementioned failure to perform and in such case the party of the first part (Lawyer) shall be held blameless for such structural failure insofar as this agreement is concerned so long as the non-negotiable directional codicil (counter-clockwise) is observed by the party of the first part (Lawyer) throughout.
2.) Upon reaching a point where the party of the second part (Light Bulb) becomes separated from the party of the third part ("Receptacle"), the party of the first part (Lawyer) shall have the option of disposing of the party of the second part (Light Bulb) in a manner consistent with all applicable state, local and federal statutes.
3.) Once separation and disposal have been achieved, the party of the first part (Lawyer) shall have the option of beginning installation of the party of the fourth part("New Light Bulb"). This installation shall occur in a manner consistent with the reverse of the procedures described in step one of this self-same document, being careful to note that the rotation should occur in a clockwise direction, said direction also being non- negotiable.

NOTE: The above described steps may be performed, at the option of the party of the first part (Lawyer), by said party of the first part (Lawyer), by his heirs and assigns, or by any and all persons authorized by her/him to do so, the objective being to produce a level of illumination in the immediate vicinity of the aforementioned front (north) door consistent with maximization of ingress and revenue for the party of the fifth part, also known as "The Firm."

A stingy old lawyer who had been diagnosed with a terminal illness was determined to prove wrong the saying, "You can't take it with you."

After much thought and consideration, the old ambulance-chaser finally figured out how to take at least some of his money with him when he died. He instructed his wife to go to the bank and withdraw enough money to fill two pillow cases. He then directed her to take the bags and of money to the attic and leave them directly above his bed. His plan: When he passed away, he would reach out and grab the bags on his way to heaven.

Several weeks after the funeral, his widow was up in the attic cleaning, and came upon the two forgotten pillow cases stuffed with cash. "Oh, that darn fool," she exclaimed, "I knew he should have had me put the money in the basement."

One day a lawyer died and found herself at the pearly gates of heaven. St. Peter asked, "Who are you?" The woman answered, "I was a Hollywood divorce lawyer."
Nodding ominously, St. Peter asked, "What have you done to earn an eternal reward in heaven?"

The lawyer thought about it long and hard, searching her mind for the one good deed that might gain her entrance to heaven. "As a matter of fact, the other day I passed a panhandler in the street and I gave him fifty cents," she said beamingly.

St. Peter nodded grimly, looking over at his assistant Gabriel, and asked, "Is that in the records?" Gabriel nodded his assent. St. Peter than said, "That's not very impressive, nor is it enough. I'm sorry," and started to close the gates.

"Wait, wait! There's more," shouted the woman. "The other night, as I was walking home, I almost tripped over a homeless child in the street. I gave him fifty cents too!"

Peter again checked with Gabriel who confirmed the incident. "Is there anything else?"
The lawyer again thought and thought and sadly said, "Not that I can remember."
St. Peter contemplated for a long time and then asked Gabriel, "What do you think I should do?"
Gabriel glanced at the lawyer disgustedly and said, "I'd give her back her buck and tell her to go to hell!"

Why Indonesia's Press Law Needs Attention

2008-12-09T21:20:00.001+07:00

There have been a number of cases in recent years that challenge the implementation of the Indonesian Press Law (No. 40/1999). Article 7 of the law obliges every journalist to practice a code of ethics. Receiving money from thankful sources, for example, stands in violation of the code.

Considered the best press law in the world by Toby Mendel (a consultant behind the formation of the law), the Indonesian Press Law is very satisfying from the press's point of view, since it grants the press a great deal of legal protection. The only nonprotective articles are perhaps those about decency (Article 3) and accountability (Articles 15 and 17).

As somebody coming from a journalistic environment, in my 2002 dissertation (Westminster University, London) I proposed Article 7 be omitted from the law. In my opinion, breaking ethical codes should not be considered in violation of a press law. That kind of wrongdoing is a matter for the media company, the press association/organization, or the Press Council.

The press community should thank God that since the law's instatement in 1999, no journalist has been reported for violating any part of it, let alone Article 7.

Another crucial issue concerning press law is the law of libel/defamation. Beginning in 2003 with the case of Tomy Winata vs. Tempo, the law has been constantly challenged. While the press community rejects the use of criminal law to judge any case resulting from grievances with publication, no alternative law exists with which objects or victims of publication might challenge the press. The press law does not contain any regulation on libel (fitnah), defamation (pencemaran nama baik), or false news (kabar bohong/berita palsu). The Criminal Code has such regulations; this is why they use them.

The dilemma is this: if the press rejects the use of criminal law, and the press law doesn't contain a related regulation, does it mean the press cannot be tried in criminal cases? Does it mean the victim of publication loses his right to defend himself and demand justice? Does it mean the press always wins?

In the case of Soeharto vs. Time, it is common knowledge that Time didn't defame Soeharto. If Soeharto's name -- and the whole family's name -- was defamed, it began long before the Time articles were published. Soeharto's lawyer may just prove to court that the news was false. It's the same with the case of Tomy Winata vs. Tempo: it is not about defamation (granted, we agree they don't have good names) but, possibly, 'false news'. Is the story accurate, valid and verified? Or is it full of assumptions and predictions proven to be false?

Other press law articles in need of review are Hak Tolak (the Right to Refuse) and Hak Jawab (the Right to Reply). Hak Tolak is not clearly defined, and in many cases journalists (usually supported by their institution) refuse summons requests by the police or court to act as a witness.

This is a violation of the common law. A journalist is a citizen not above the law; he must obey the police or court like any other citizen. His refusal to disclose a source's identity must only be used in court, as supported by a panel of judges after they hear some experts testify. A journalist does not need to worry because among the expert witnesses is a representative from the media practitioners/observers.

The nature of the profession gives journalists privilege to withhold a source's identity, but the right to refuse should only be used in extraordinary cases, and only when supported by a credible group of people (a panel of judges, expert witnesses, etc.). The world would be in chaos if journalists made anonymous every source they met and every quotation they used.

The right to reply, on the other hand, is implemented quite well in the Indonesian media. Some news magazines dedicate almost half their readers' letters space to complaints and corrections and replies. When Jawa Pos published a false story on Syafri Samsudin in 2004, it devoted one whole page for Syafri to respond.

But often ignored by the press is that the right to reply does not prevent one from bringing a matter to court. There is no such clause in the Press Law. This means that regardless of whether one exercises his right to reply, and regardless of whether the right is granted by the media institution, he still can go to court. No person and no regulation forbids him from doing so.

We have been debating a possible review of the press law quite some time. The Parliament wants stricter regulations on the press, reducing freedom and adding responsibility, while the press community wants more freedom. My proposed solutions are to omit Article 7, redefine the right to reply and the right to refuse, and regulate libel/defamation in a revised press law.

Sirikit Syah, Surabaya, The writer is Lecturer of Media Ethics and Law Stikosa-AWS, Post-Grad Communication Studies, at Airlangga University.

Indonesia Court Rejects Bid To Make Polygamy Easier

2008-12-01T23:45:00.001+07:00

Jakarta (ANTARA News) - An Indonesian businessman's bid to make polygamy easier was rejected by the country's constitutional court on Wednesday.

Indonesia allows polygamy, but according to the marriage law, a man can only get court approval to take a second wife if his first wife agrees, or if she is disabled or cannot have children.

Businessman Muhammad Insa, the petitioner in the court case, argued that those conditions effectively prevent polygamy, and this has meant that many men avoid registering their second marriages. As a result, children from unregistered marriages often lose their inheritance rights and other benefits.

The court said in its ruling that the articles were not against the constitution or against the tenets of Islam, which allows multiple marriages on condition that wives are treated fairly.

"These articles ... are intended to protect the basic rights of wives and prospective wives of men who engage in polygamy," court chief Jimly Asshiddiqie was quoted as saying by Reuters.

Insa said the decision was unfair.

"I'm not happy. With such conditions, polygamy cannot be practiced," he told reporters, adding "I will continue my struggle with other people or groups."

The polygamy debate in Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim country, heated up last year after a popular Islamic cleric announced that he had taken a second wife.

Abdullah Gymnastiar, a turban-clad, leather-jacketed preacher, is a household name in Indonesia because of his relaxed sermons on Islam that strike a chord with ordinary people charmed by his chatty, youthful style.

But his popularity declined after his second marriage was made public.

Though not widely practiced among ordinary Indonesians, polygamy has some prominent advocates, including restaurateur Puspo Wardoyo who has four wives, and who has been at the forefront of a campaign to promote multiple marriages.

Wardoyo's popular chain of restaurants is renowned for its "polygamy juice", a mixture of four tropical fruits, and "polygamy vegetables", a four-vegetable combo. (*)

1945 CONSTITUTION OR HOLY BOOK?

2008-11-25T04:40:00.001+07:00

One of the important developments in our constitutional structure was the establishment of the
Constitutional Court as a response to the demand for a strengthening of the checks and
balances in the system of state administration.
The improvement in the constitutional situation post the amendment has been very fast.
Recently, Indonesian society entered a new stage of constitutional practice as regards the fight
for the basic right of freedom of religion.
This basic right is clearly stated in Article 28E(1), Article 28I(1), and Article 29 of the
Constitution, as well as in international human rights instruments, particularly Article 18 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Article 18 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
Until today, the main problems regarding the protection of freedom of religion have never
entered the arena of constitutional review. The Constitutional Court’s decision No. 12/PUUV/
2007 on the Marriage Law, especially the articles on polygamy, has opened the gate to
constitutional activism for the protection of freedom of religion as a fundamental right of
every Indonesian citizen.
A constitution as the supreme law of the land sets out the basic structure of the governmental
system in every nation. The constitution of every country, however, has different
characteristics that can influence the form of the state. As regards the freedom of religion, we
often hear about the different concepts of a religious state, secular state and other types of
state.
The 46th amendment of Indian Constitution, which added the word “secular” to its Preamble,
shows that India is a secular state that places special emphasis on the values of freedom of
religion and tolerance.
The First Amendment to the American Constitution guarantees freedom of religion for each of
its citizen, but it doesn’t afford the opportunity to the legislature to make laws governing
religious practice.
In their research on the relationship between constitutions and freedom of religion, Tad
Stahnke and Robert C. Blitt (2005) divides the countries that have majority Muslim
populations into four categories.
First, countries that openly declare themselves to be Islamic states.
Second, countries that have officially adopted Islam as the official religion of the state.
Third, countries that declare themselves to be secular states.
Fourth, countries that make no such declarations in their constitutions. Indonesia belongs to
this category.
If Indonesia belongs to the last category, then the question arises as to what is the real concept
of the state that was created by our founding fathers?
From the constitutional perspective Indonesia is a “Pancasila State”. This means that it is
neither a confessional state nor a secular state. A confessional state can only be based on a
particular religion, while a secular state prevents religion from interfering with state affairs.
Moreover, the Pancasila State is a religious nation state that protects and facilitates the
development of all religions adhered to by the people without any differences in treatment
arising from the number of a religion’s adherents.
In this context, it is essential that the State has a constitutional obligation to protect the
freedom of religion of each of its citizens. Quoting the association is used by Jimly
Asshiddiqie, when the Constitution is held in one of our hands, the holy book must be held in
the other hand. This means that these two things have to work in harmony and that one cannot
contradict the other.
Using the comparative studies approach, Indonesia is one of the countries that lacks
experience as regards the protection of freedom of religion through the constitutional review
mechanism. In fact, this mechanism is an important tool in other countries when the freedom
of religion finds itself under attack by state action.
In some countries, such as India, the United States and Germany, constitutional review on the
ground of freedom of religion is common practice. For instance, the case of Mudghal v. India
(1995), which involved the proposed unification of laws as a result of the growing practice of
polygamy in India, or the case of Wels v. United States (1970) on a person’s right to refuse to
serve in a war because it is against his beliefs.
Another interesting case came before the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
(Bundesverfassungsgericht). This was the “traditional slaughter case” (BvR 1783/99, 2002). in
which the court accepted a constitutional review petition on the methods of slaughter
permitted under the Animal Protection Act. Several provisions of this Act, according to the
petitioner, were contrary to the tenets of his religion.
Unfortunately, constitutional review in Indonesia is confined to the review of laws.
Consequently, all the government actions, regulations and court decisions that are believed to
violate the provisions on freedom of religion contained in the Constitution cannot be reviewed
comprehensively by the Constitutional Court.
This means that the Indonesian constitutional system and its practice need to be developed
more seriously. Due to the lack of constitutional protection mechanisms, there are currently
huge obstacles in the way of citizens seeking to affirm their basic and intrinsic rights to
freedom of religion.
By: Pan Mohamad Faiz* The writer is a postgraduate student on Comparative Constitutional Law at the University of Delhi

How Becoming a Lawyer Works

2008-11-12T01:10:00.002+07:00

“The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers,” Dick the Butcher famously declared in Act IV, Scene Two of William Shakespeare's Henry VI. In Shakespeare’s time, being a lawyer was a tough gig and it's the same today. Becoming a lawyer is even tougher. But it's definitely a worthwhile profession. Some would say that attorneys are the engine of the law, and the law is the backbone of our democratic society. Without lawyers, we would have no defenders in our adversarial system of justice, and no one to guide us through the complexities of that system. Lawyers protect the innocent, ensure that ordinary folks get equal and fair chances at trial, defend the rights afforded to us all by the Constitution, assist injured parties to recover compensation or damages and even help immigrants become citizens. Their ranks are growing every day. With so many important duties, and with so many people becoming lawyers, why did Shakespeare give them such a bad rap?

Possibly because the profession is a relentless one. On a

verage, attorneys today work between 50 and 70 hours a week. That’s 10-14 hours a day, Monday through Friday. (Obviously, there's no time left over to read Henry VI.) And if you’re looking for an occupation that rewards hard work with compliments and praise, you might want to look elsewhere. Many clients come to you only when there's a problem to be fixed, which means the client is probably unhappy before you even begin to work on resolving the problem. And sometimes, if you don’t get a favorable settlement, you won't be paid for your time at all.

If the hours, sometimes thankless work and William Shakespeare's words don't scare you, you might just have what it takes. So, how does becoming a lawyer work? Let’s find out.

To Be or Not to Be a Lawyer

There are many noble reasons to become a lawyer, not the least of which is the unique capacity the law has to influence and augment peoples’ lives. More personally, however, the practice of law can be fulfilling if you enjoy meeting deadlines, exploring your intellectual limits, engaging in spirited debate, performing deep analysis and engrossing yourself in interesting research. You should also have a knack for organization, both with your work and with your time, and, of course, a passion for justice, fairness and the law.

Becoming a lawyer takes a rare kind of commitment as well; law school is three years on top of four years of undergraduate work. That’s seven years of paying out tuition before you can even start thinking about collecting a lawyer’s salary. And, depending upon the law school, it’s often more expensive than other advanced degrees. There is a great deal of competition out there for law students (26,500 applicants in fall 2005 alone) and for lawyers (1,104,766 actively practicing lawyers in the United States as of 2005, according to the American Bar Association). It takes tenacity to face those odds.

The first step to becoming a lawyer is to get into law school. To do this, you need a college degree with a relatively high grade point average (GPA). You also need to take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), an entrance exam. After three years of law school, you're required to take another test, the Bar Exam. Passing the Bar licenses you to practice law in the state where you take the exam, and voilá -- you’re a lawyer. Then you have to get a job.

But it’s not like in the movies. Most young associates don’t see the inside of a courtroom for years. Some never get to argue in front of a jury. In fact, most of a lawyer’s time is filled with paperwork, interviews, research, filing and re-filing motions and organizing case files. Unfortunately, no one gets to be Atticus Finch except Gregory Peck.

These are all things that need to be considered carefully when considering law as a career. It isn’t right for everyone, but many people do it and find it a challenging, rewarding profession.

So you really want to be a lawyer -- now it's time to talk schooling.

Schooling
First, study hard in high school so you can go to a good college. When you get to college, choose any major that interests you most and allows you to develop your analytical skills. Law schools accept many majors, and some majors can lead you to a focus during law school. History, for example, may help you in Constitutional Law courses, while a Computer Science or Engineering major is excellent for students who want to focus on Intellectual Property or Internet Law.

Some colleges offer pre-law majors, similar to a pre-med major. However, medical schools have specific course requirements that a pre-med major satisfies, whereas law schools don’t have such requirements. So these pre-law majors aren’t actual majors in the traditional sense, but rather hybrid courses of study that cut across numerous fields. You get a great variety in a pre-law major, but not an area of concentration that can be helpful later in you career.

The important things to take out of your undergraduate studies are communication skills (both oral and written), analytical skills and organizational skills. Any major, if you take the rigorous and demanding courses within it, can enhance these skills. So pick something you have great interest in and excel at it. by Laura Murray and Sam Burritt

Becoming a Lawyer

2008-11-11T20:00:00.000+07:00

In order to become a lawyer in Canada, you must obtain a law degree and fulfill the educational and training requirements for admission to a law society. Becoming a lawyer takes time and effort - but if you're willing to make the commitment, it can lead to a challenging and rewarding career.

Getting a Law Degree

Canada has two legal traditions: common law and civil law. Common law is derived from the British legal system and applies to all provinces and territories except Quebec. Civil law is based on the French legal system and is used in Quebec. Lawyers in all parts of Canada except Quebec must have a degree in common law, while Quebec requires a civil law degree.

There are 20 universities in Canada that offer professional law degrees, including 16 common law schools and 6 civil law schools (two of the universities offer degrees in both systems of law). It usually takes three years of study at law school to obtain a degree.

A degree in law is a graduate degree, which means that you must engage in university studies at the undergraduate level before applying to law school. There is no mandatory discipline of study so you may chose almost any program that interests you. Most Canadian law schools require the completion of at least three years of an undergraduate program, but some law schools will accept applicants after two years of undergraduate studies. Students typically find it beneficial to obtain an undergraduate degree due to the competitive nature of the law school admissions process.

Law schools judge applicants on the strength of their undergraduate academic record and involvement in extracurricular activities. Common law schools also assign much weight to performance on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), which is a standardized examination designed to measure acquired reading and verbal reasoning skills.

Admission to a Law Society

After getting a law degree, you must go through the licensing process in order to become a lawyer. This involves applying for admission to the law society of the province or territory in which you want to practice law. A law society is a regulatory organization that governs the legal profession by setting and enforcing standards for admission and professional conduct for lawyers. Only members of a law society are licensed to practice law.

Admission to a law society requires fulfillment of additional criteria following graduation from law school. Applicants must be of good character and are required to complete an apprenticeship program (known as articling), attend a professional legal training course (called the bar admission course) and pass licensing examinations (the bar examinations).

Articling involves working under the supervision of a practicing lawyer for a period of approximately one year. The purpose of articling is to provide exposure to the practical application of law in a variety of areas. The length of the articling program depends on the province (for example, Ontario requires a term of 10 months).

The bar admission course is designed to develop and evaluate skills that are necessary for the practice of law, as well as to safeguard the standards of professional responsibility and competence. After the course work is completed, you must write the bar examinations to qualify as a lawyer.

Once you have met all of the admission requirements of the law society, you can be admitted as a member (this is known as "call to the bar"). You are now entitled to practice as a lawyer.

Download Analisa-analisa Kasus Indonesia

2008-11-11T19:27:00.002+07:00

Copy - paste url-nya :

http://rapidshare.com/files/162208394/01._ANALISA_KASUS_KORUPSI_BUPATI_JAYAWIJAYA_PAPUA.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162208640/02._KONFLIK_LAHAN_HUTAN_DAN_TANAH_MASYARAKAT.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162209058/03._ANALISIS_TERHADAP_PUTUSAN_PERKARA_PENCURIAN_DALAM_KELUAR.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162209246/04._SITA_EKSEKUSI_YANG_DIDASARKAN_PADA_AMAR_PUTUSAN_HAKIM.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162219726/05._EKSAMINASI_PUBLIK_PUTUSAN_PERKARA_KORUPSI_KEPALA_DINAS_K.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162219954/05._LEGALITAS_KETERANGAN_SAKSI_DALAM_BERITA_ACARA_PENYIDIKAN.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162220447/06._EKSAMINASI_PUBLIK_TERHADAP_PUTUSAN_PERKARA_ASURANSIGATE_.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162220914/06._KEWENANGAN_PENGADILAN_NEGERI_DALAM_MEMERIKSA.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162347534/07._EKSAMINASI_PUBLIK_TERHADAP_PUTUSAN_PERKARA_TINDAK_PIDANA.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162347670/07._PENYEROBOTAN_TANAH.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162347834/08._EKSAMINASI_PUBLIK_PUTUSAN_KASUS_TEMPO.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162347968/08._KETIDAKJELASAN_PERTIMBANGAN_MAJELIS_HAKIM_DALAM_MENAFSIR.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162348071/09._ANALISIS_KASUS_GUGATAN_MARIMUTU_SINIVASAN.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162348243/09._EKSAMINASI_PUBLIK_TERHADAP_PUTUSAN_PERKARA_SEMEN_PADANG.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162348866/10._KETIDAKJELASAN_PERTIMBANGAN_HUKUM_MAJELIS_HAKIM_DALAM_SE.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162348939/12._PERJANJIAN_PERDAMAIAN_YANG_BERASAL_DARI_SEBAB_YANG_TIDAK.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162349001/13._ANALISA_TERHADAP_PUTUSAN_KASUS_PERBUATAN_TIDAK_MENYENANG.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162349084/13.MELACAK_DASAR_SOSIAL__POLITIK_DAN_LEGALITAS_TIM_KOODRDINA.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162349201/14._PERMOHONAN_PRAPERADILAN_ATAS_PENUNDAAN_PELAKSANAAN_PENET.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162349340/14.REFORMASI_KEJAKSAAN_CATATAN_YANG_TERLUPAKAN.pdf
http://rapidshare.com/files/162349603/15._PENCURIAN_DALAM_RUMAH_TANGGA.pdf

How To Become A Lawyer - Seven Steps to Starting a Career in the Law

2008-11-11T17:59:00.002+07:00

A common career-day question asked by students is, "how do I become a lawyer?" The process can be broken down into seven basic steps. (William L. Pfeifer Jr.)

Seven Steps to Launch Your Legal Career

A common career-day question asked by students is, “how do I become a lawyer?” Becoming a lawyer is not easy. It will take a minimum of four years of college and three years of law school before you are even allowed to take the test that decides whether you are allowed to practice law – and sometimes even that is not enough. The process of becoming a lawyer can be broken down into seven steps.

Step One - Obtain a bachelor’s degree from a college or university. This needs to be a four-year degree; an associates degree is not sufficient for admission into law school. Your particular choice of major does not matter much, at least not for purposes of getting into law school. However, your GPA in school is extremely important in determining whether you will get to move on to a law school.

Step Two - Take the Law School Admissions Test, better known as the LSAT. This is a test that is similar to exams such as the ACT or SAT, but this particular test is geared towards evaluating your potential to perform well in law school. This half-day test contains multiple choice questions as well as essay questions. This test is critically important, and most people serious about going to law school will purchase study materials, take practice tests, and perhaps even take an LSAT prep course to get ready for the exam.

Step Three – Get accepted to law school. Admission to law school will be based almost entirely on your college GPA and your LSAT score, and many law schools have minimum scores you must reach on each before they will even consider your application.

Step Four – Graduate from law school. It takes a minimum of three years to graduate from a full-time law school program; longer if you attend a program that has a part-time option. Law school exams are almost always essay questions, and to do well you have to learn the formula for writing a law school essay. It is not enough to know the information; you have to know the proper format for spitting it back out to the professor who is scanning your answer for the key words and phrases. The students who figure out the system early are the ones who will be on law review.

Step Five – Study for the bar exam. While you might believe that your law school education prepared you for the bar exam, what it really prepared you for was to cram three years of legal education into a few weeks of bar review time. Most law school graduates will take a bar review course to organize their test preparation and to make sure they cover everything they need to know. After all the time and money you have invested in your legal education to this point, investing in a bar review course is a small price to pay for passing the bar on your first attempt.

Step Six – Pass the bar exam for the state in which you want to practice law. The testing protocols and requirements vary from state to state, but most states utilize exam materials provided by the National Council of Bar Examiners. The required tests may include the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE), the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE), the Multistate Essay Examination (MEE), and the Multistate Performance Test (MPT).

Step Seven – Pass the Character and Fitness evaluation. Those who think lawyers have no ethics may be surprised that applicants to the bar in most states must submit to a Character and Fitness Investigation, usually conducted by the National Council of Bar Examiners. This investigation is extensive and intrusive, delving not only into whether you have a criminal record, but also looking at traffic tickets, credit reports, substance abuse issues, and even medical records. The evaluation may be unpleasant to some, but it is a necessary step in order to practice law.

Once you complete these seven steps, you are ready to launch your legal career!

Great Reasons Why Every Law Student Should Blog

2008-11-10T23:47:00.000+07:00

By: Lawrence Gridin · November 10, 2008 · Filed Under Law Career, Law School, Marketing/PR in Law ·

To follow-up on our previous post about the benefits of legal writing - and blogging in particular - I found this rather timely post over at The Frugal Law Student.

Brett McKay writes:
Blogging has definitely helped my legal writing. When you write for a blog, your audience consists of internet users who have the attention span of a gnat. You have to capture their attention and maintain it through good solid writing. When you write on a blog, you want to use short sentences and paragraphs; you want to tell a story that draws people in; and you want organize your writing with headings that make it easier for the reader follow.

Do these tips sound familiar? It’s the exact same thing you’re supposed to do in legal writing! By blogging consistently, you can improve your legal writing immensely.

What Makes a Good Lawyer?

2008-11-10T02:28:00.001+07:00

The question arose on the Law Marketing Listserv, "what makes a good lawyer?" Jim Durham, the CMO of 850-lawyer Ropes & Gray identified what makes a great lawyer:

* Good lawyers return phone calls reasonably promptly; great lawyers are always available and accessible to their clients. Great lawyers don't just respond when their phone rings, they make other people's phones ring.
* Good lawyers know the law; great lawyers know the law, but they also know and understand the client's business. Great lawyers know what makes the client successful and they understand the client's preferred form of communication.
* Good lawyers get the legal work done. Great lawyers get the work done too, but they do it and give practical advice in the context of knowing the client's business.
* Good lawyers do legal work effectively and efficiently. Great lawyers look for ways to make legal services more valuable to clients. Great lawyers give clients more than they pay for.
* Good lawyers treat the client professionally. Great lawyers personalize the relationship by recognizing the unique styles, interests, and needs of the individuals with whom they work.
* Good lawyers do their best to keep promises about when work will be completed. Great lawyers do what they say they will do, and get it done when they said they would. (In other words, good lawyers try to deliver, great lawyers deliver.)
* Good lawyers are reasonably comfortable in most settings. Great lawyers project confidence, but not arrogance, in any setting. Good lawyers attend meetings; great lawyers arrive early-fully prepared. Good lawyers are present at meetings; great lawyers are a real presence in the meeting.
* Good lawyers are thought of as "capable," and are expected to do a good job. Great lawyers own the client's problem, and engender a belief that they will do everything possible to help the client succeed.
* Good lawyers care about clients. Great lawyers are loyal to them.
* Good lawyers accept feedback when clients offer it. Great lawyers seek meaningful feedback from clients and act on it.

For more detail, get Jim's excellent book: "The Essential Little Book of Great Lawyering"

UJIAN PROFESI ADVOKAT 2008

2008-11-09T19:18:00.000+07:00

PENGUMUMAN
UJIAN PROFESI ADVOKAT 2008,
PENDIDIKAN KHUSUS PROFESI ADVOKAT,
SERTA PENGANGKATAN DAN PENGAMBILAN SUMPAH ADVOKAT BARU

Dewan Pimpinan Nasional Perhimpunan Advokat Indonesia (“PERADI”) dengan ini mengumumkan:
1. Ujian Profesi Advokat (“UPA”) 2008
Waktu Pelaksanaan:
Ujian Profesi Advokat Tahun 2008 akan dilaksanakan pada hari Sabtu, tanggal 6 Desember 2008, yang akan diselenggarakan secara serentak di beberapa kota yang akan ditentukan kemudian.
Pendaftaran Ujian:
Pendaftaran dibuka mulai tanggal 20 s.d. 24 Oktober 2008 (Senin s.d. Jumat), pukul 09.00 s.d. 16.00 waktu setempat. Tempat pendaftaran, materi ujian, biaya, dan syarat pendaftaran ujian akan diumumkan kemudian.
2. Pendidikan Khusus Profesi Advokat (“PKPA”)
Sehubungan dengan pelaksanaan UPA 2008, mereka yang dapat mengikuti UPA 2008 adalah yang mengulang dan peserta dari PKPA yang telah selesai dilaksanakan selambat-lambatnya tanggal 25 Agustus 2008 dan telah diterima laporan akhirnya oleh PERADI dari penyelenggara PKPA selambat-lambatnya tanggal 1 September 2008 (sesuai surat yang disampaikan PERADI kepada seluruh mitra penyelenggara PKPA).
3. Pengangkatan dan Pengambilan Sumpah Advokat
Pengangkatan dan pengambilan sumpah advokat untuk tahun 2008 akan dilaksanakan mulai bulan Agustus s.d. Desember 2008. Tanggal pengangkatan dan pengambilan sumpah untuk masing-masing wilayah akan diumumkan kemudian.
Informasi lebih lanjut sehubungan dengan ketiga hal di atas dapat dilihat pada portal (situs) PERADI di www.peradi.or.id atau dengan menghubungi Sekretariat Nasional PERADI di Gd. Ariobimo Sentral, Mezzanine Floor, Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Blok X-2 Kav. 5, Kuningan, Jakarta 12950, Tel. (021) 522-6184, Faks. (021) 522-6185.

Jakarta, 30 Juni 2008
DEWAN PIMPINAN NASIONAL PERADI
Ttd
Dr. Otto Hasibuan, S.H., M.M.
Ketua Umum
Ttd
Harry Ponto, S.H., LL.M.
Sekretaris Jenderal